Attendance of Brazilian soccer games: the role of constraints and team identification

References

• Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Studies, 16(2), 107–125. doi: 10.1080/026143697375449
   Google Scholar
• Alexandris, K., & Tsiotsou, R. H. (2012). Segmenting soccer spectators by attachment levels: A psychographic profile based on team self-expression and involvement. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(1), 65–81. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.637174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 175–184. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.44.2.175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Rosado, A., Maroco, J., & Ross, S. (2012). The effects of emotions on football spectators’ satisfaction and behavioural intentions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), 227–242. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2012.679949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodet, G., & Bernache-Assollant, I. (2011). Consumer loyalty in sport spectatorship services: The relationships with consumer satisfaction and team identification. Psychology & Marketing, 28(8), 781–802. doi: 10.1002/mar.20412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland, J., & MacDonald, R. (2003). Demand for sport. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(4), 478–502. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/19.4.478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscá, J. E., Liern, V., Martínez, A., & Sala, R. (2008). The Spanish football crisis. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(2), 165–177. doi: 10.1080/16184740802024476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1992). Role of identification with a group, arousal, categorization processes, and self-esteem in sports spectator aggression. Human Relations, 45(10), 1013–1033. doi: 10.1177/001872679204501001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brister, R. (2014). A look at MLS record breaking 2014 attendance, by club. Empire of Soccer. Retrieved from http://www.empireofsoccer.com/record-breaking-attendance-29742/
   Google Scholar
• Byon, K. K., Zhang, J. J., & Baker, T. A. (2013). Impact of core and peripheral service quality on consumption behavior of professional team sport spectators as mediated by perceived value. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(2), 232–263. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2013.767278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, M. S., Connaughton, D. P., Spengler, J. O., & Byon, K. K. (2014). A multidimensional model of perceived risk in spectator sport. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 24(1), 80–95.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, L. (2014). As maiores torcidas do futebol brasileiro. Exame. Retrieved from http://exame.abril.com.br/estilo-de-vida/noticias/as-maiores-torcidas-do-futebol-brasileiro/lista
   Google Scholar
• Casper, J. M., & Menefee, W. C. (2010). Prior sport participation and spectator sport consumption: Socialization and soccer. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(5), 595–611. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2010.524243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64–73. doi: 10.2307/3150876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, K. (2015). Has British-style hooliganism infiltrated American soccer? Fans brawl in the streets ahead of New York derby match. Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3191764/Has-British-style-hooliganism-infiltrated-American-soccer-Fans-brawl-streets-ahead-New-York-derby-match.html
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9, 119–127. doi: 10.1080/01490408709512151
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 309–320. doi: 10.1080/01490409109513147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. doi: 10.1007/BF02310555
   Google Scholar
• Davies, W. (2015). FIFA scandal exposes flaws in Brazil’s governance. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33107937
   Google Scholar
• Downie, A. (2013). Brazil president condemns fan violence before World Cup. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/101258557
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, D. (1994). Nationalism, patriotism, and group loyalty: A social psychological perspective. Mershon International Studies Review, 38, 43–68. doi: 10.2307/222610
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, M., & Bravo, G. (2007). A multilevel model analysis of professional soccer attendance in Chile 1990–2002. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 8(3), 254–271. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-08-03-2007-B006
   Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., Parker, H., Brett, M., & Higgins, J. (2009). Off-field behavior of athletes and team identification: Using social identity theory and balance theory to explain fan reactions. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 142–155. doi: 10.1123/jsm.23.2.142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., Trail, G., & Anderson, D. F. (2002a). An examination of team identification: Which motives are most salient to its existence? International Sports Journal, 6(2), 195–207.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., Trail, G., & Anderson, D. F. (2002b). Environmental factors associated with spectator attendance and sport consumption: Gender and team differences. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(1), 8–19.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. doi: 10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, J., & Rodríguez, P. (2002). The determinants of football match attendance revisited: Empirical evidence from the Spanish football league. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(1), 18–38. doi: 10.1177/152700250200300103
   Google Scholar
• Globo_Esporte. (2014). O público do Brasileirão 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2015, from http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/brasileirao-serie-a/publico-brasileirao.html
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Heere, B., & James, J. D. (2007). Sports teams and their communities: Examining the influence of external group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 319–337. doi: 10.1123/jsm.21.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBPT. (2014). People who make up to three minimum wages are the ones who pay most of the taxes. Retrieved February 22, 2016, from http://www.ibpt.com.br/noticia/1860/Populacao-que-recebe-ate-tres-salarios-minimos-e-a-que-mais-gera-arrecadacao-de-tributos-no-pais
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L. (2000). Will research on leisure constraints still be relevant in the twenty-first century? Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 62–68.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15, 1–11. doi: 10.1080/01490409309513182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, J. D. (2001). The role of cognitive development and socialization in the initial development of team loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 23, 233–261. doi: 10.1080/01490400152809106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffres, L. W., Neuendorf, K., & Atkin, D. (2003). Media use and participation as a spectator in public leisure activities: Competition or symbiosis? Leisure Studies, 22(2), 169–184.
   Google Scholar
• Keaveney, S. M. (1995). Customer switching behavior in service industries: An exploratory study. The Journal of Marketing, 71, 71–82. doi: 10.2307/1252074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P., & Kennedy, D. (2012). Football supporters and the commercialisation of football: comparative responses across Europe. Soccer & Society, 13(3), 327–340. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2012.655503
   Google Scholar
• Kim, N.-S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25, 695–707. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. K., & Trail, G. (2010). Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 24(2), 190–210. doi: 10.1123/jsm.24.2.190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock, D., & Filo, K. (2012). The downside of being irrelevant and aloof: Exploring why individuals do not attend sport. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 187–199. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock, D., Taylor, T., Funk, D. C., & Darcy, S. (2012). Exploring the development of team identification. Journal of Sport Management, 26(4), 283–294. doi: 10.1123/jsm.26.4.283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, R. (2002). A caveat on using single-item versus multiple-item scales. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 68–75. doi: 10.1108/02683940210415933
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C., & Hoffman, J. (1998). A new method to test for mediation. In Annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research. Conference Proceedings, Park City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Madalozzo, R., & Berber Villar, R. (2009). Brazilian football: What brings fans to the game? Journal of Sports Economics, 10(6), 639–650. doi: 10.1177/1527002509335572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (1995). Cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance. Journal of Leisure Research, 27, 205–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, H., Chelladurai, P., & Harada, M. (2003). Direct and interaction effects of team identification and satisfaction on intention to attend games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 244–253.
   Google Scholar
• Mendonca, R. (2013). O que falta para tornar o futebol brasileiro mais atraente para o público e investidores. BBC Brasil. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/08/130809_melhorias_futebol_rm_lgb
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, U. (2012). Football fans and clubs in Germany: Conflicts, crises and compromises. Soccer & Society, 13(3), 359–376. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2012.655505
   Google Scholar
• Mullin, B., Hardy, S., & Sutton, W. (2007). Sport marketing (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D., … Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209–224. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00303-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Pschometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrowsky, M. K. (2014). The social psychology of alcohol use and violent behavior among sports spectators. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 303–310. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish, C. (2013). Soccer specific stadiums and designated players: Exploring the major league soccer attendance assumption. International Journal of Sport Management Recreation and Tourism, 12, 57–70. doi: 10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-12d
   Google Scholar
• Peitersen, B. (2009). Supporter culture in Denmark: The legacy of the ‘world’s best supporters’. Soccer & Society, 10(3–4), 374–385. doi: 10.1080/14660970902771431
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, M. P., Funk, D., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Barriers to repeat patronage: The impact of spectator constraints. European Journal of Marketing, 43(1/2), 169–187. doi: 10.1108/03090560910923283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, M. P., & Funk, D. C. (2006). Symbiosis and substitution in spectator sport. Journal of Sport Management, 20(3), 297–320. doi: 10.1123/jsm.20.3.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to psychometric theory. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reider-Gordon, M. (2014). Money laundering, corruption, and the world cup: In the wake of Brazil 2014. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 21, 97–123.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., & Trail, G. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 58–80. doi: 10.1123/jsm.19.1.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D., & Raudenbush, S. (2005). Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities in violence. American Journal of Public Health, 95(2), 224–232. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shank, M. D. (2008). Sports marketing: A strategic perspective (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Spaaij, R. (2006). Understanding football hooliganism: A comparison of six Western European football clubs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tainsky, S., Salaga, S., & Santos, C. A. (2013). Determinants of pay-per-view broadcast viewership in sports: The case of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Journal of Sport Management, 27(1), 43–58. doi: 10.1123/jsm.27.1.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviors. In S. Wordel & W. Austen (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, T., & Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of terrorism threats at the 2004 Olympic games: Implications for sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(2), 99–114. doi: 10.1080/14775080701654754
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G., Fink, J. S., & Anderson, D. F. (2003). Sport spectator consumption behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12, 8–17.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and points of attachment: Fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G., Robinson, M. J., & Kim, Y. K. (2008). Sport consumer behavior: A test for group differences on structural constraints. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17, 190–200.
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fair weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14, 103–117. doi: 10.1177/019372359001400203
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with the team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welki, A. M., & Zlatoper, T. J. (1999). US professional football game-day attendance. Atlantic Economic Journal, 27(3), 285–298. doi: 10.1007/BF02299579
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. (2014). Soccer’s deadliest fans: The troubled world of Brazil’s ‘organizadas’. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/soccers-deadliest-fans-the-troubled-world-of-brazils-organizadas-20140528
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. J., Pease, D. G., Smith, D. W., Lee, J. T., Lam, E. T., & Jambor, E. A. (1997). Factors affecting the decision making of spectators to attend minor league hockey games. International Sports Journal, 1(1), 39–49.
   Google Scholar