Comparing competitive balance between genders in team sports

References

• Armstrong, L. (2019, July 7). Canada risks falling behind in women’s soccer without the opportunity to play professionally at home. The Star. https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/2019/07/06/canada-risks-falling-behind-in-womens-soccer-without-the-opportunity-to-play-professionally-at-home.html
   Google Scholar
• Arshad, R. (2018, May 18). Top 10 highest paid handball players 2018. https://www.totalsportek.com/money/highest-paid-handball-players/
   Google Scholar
• Berri, D. J., Brook, S. L., Frick, B., Fenn, A. J., & Vicente-Mayoral, R. (2005). The short supply of tall people: Competitive imbalance and the National basketball Association. Journal of Economic Issues, 39(4), 1029–1041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2005.11506865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berri, D., & Krautmann, A. (2013). Understanding the WNBA on and off court. In M. Leeds & E. S. Leeds (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of women sports (pp. 132–155). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Borland, J., & Macdonald, R. (2003). Demand for sport. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(4), 478–502. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/19.4.478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buraimo, B., & Simmons, R. (2008). Do sports fans really value uncertainty of outcome? Evidence From the English Premier League. International Journal of Sport Finance, 3(3), 146–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, L. P., & Haddock, D. D. (2006). Research notes: Measuring parity. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(3), 330–338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002504272937
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, J., Jennett, N., & Sloane, P. J. (1986). The economics of professional team sports: A survey of theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Studies, 13(1), 3–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/eb002618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada Soccer. (2017). Canada Soccer announces 2017 NWSL allocations. https://www.canadasoccer.com/canada-soccer-announces-2017-nwsl-allocations-p160366
   Google Scholar
• Congdon-Hohman, J., & Matheson, V. A. (2014). International women’s soccer and gender inequality: Revisited. In M. Leeds, & E. S. Leeds (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of women sports (pp. 345–364). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, G., & Moore, W. J. (1981). Externalities, property rights and the allocation of resources in major league baseball. Economic Inquiry, 19(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1981.tb00604.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, S., & Goddard, J. (2011). The economics of football (2nd edn.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., & Dawson, A. (2000). The economics of professional team sports. London, UK and New York. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, C., & Heyndels, B. (2007). It’s a different game you go to watch: Competitive balance in men’s and women’s tennis. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740701353349
   Google Scholar
• Eckard, E. W. (1998). The NCAA cartel and competitive balance in college football. Review of Industrial Organization, 13(3), 347–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007713802480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckard, E. W. (2001). Free agency, competitive balance, and diminishing returns to pennant contention. Economic Inquiry, 39(3), 430–443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/39.3.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EHF. (2016a). The new ranking list for the 2017/18 season. http://cms.eurohandball.com/PortalData/1/Resources/3_other_ec/3_download_pdf/WOMEN_Placedistribution1718_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EHF. (2016b). The new EHF Ranking List for the men’s continual club competitions. http://cms.eurohandball.com/PortalData/1/Resources/3_other_ec/3_download_pdf/MEN_Placedistribution1718_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Evans, R. (2014). A review of measures of competitive balance in the ‘analysis of competitive balance’ literature. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper Series, 7(2), 1–59.
   Google Scholar
• FIFA. (2013). Women’s round up: April 2013. https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/women-round-april-2013-2066745
   Google Scholar
• FIFA. (2015). Laws of the game 2015/16. https://www.fifa.com/mm/Document/FootballDevelopment/Refereeing/02/36/01/11/LawsofthegamewebEN_Neutral.pdf
   Google Scholar
• FIFA. (2018). Women’s ranking. https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/rank/ranking_20180323/
   Google Scholar
• Fort, R. (2007). Comments on “measuring parity”. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(6), 642–651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002506298122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort, R., & Maxcy, J. (2003). Comment: Competitive balance in sports leagues: An introduction. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(2), 154–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002503004002005
   Google Scholar
• Fort, R., & Quirk, J. (1995). Cross-subsidization, incentives, and outcomes in professional team sports leagues. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(3), 1265–1299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort, R., & Quirk, J. (1997). Introducing a competitive economic environment into professional sports. In W. Hendricks (Ed.), Advances in the economics of sports, 2 (pp. 3–26). JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, B., & Scheel, F. (2014). Gender differences in competitiveness: Empirical evidence from 100m races. In M. Leeds, & E. S. Leeds (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of women sports (pp. 293–318). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• García, J., & Rodrígues, P. (2006). The determinants of TV audience for Spanish football: A first approach. In P. Rodrígues, S. Késenne, & J. García (Eds.), Sports economics after fifty years: Essays in honour of Simon Rottenberg (pp. 147–167). Oviedo University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard, B. (2004). Still up for grabs? Maintaining the sporting and financial viability of European club soccer. In R. Fort, & J. Fizel (Eds.), International sports economics comparisons (pp. 39–59). Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard, B. (2006). Analysing the win-wage relationship in pro sports leagues: Evidence from the FA Premier league, 1997/98–2001/02. In P. Rodrígues, S. Késenne, & J. García (Eds.), Sports economics after fifty years: Essays in honour of Simon Rottenberg (pp. 169–190). Oviedo University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, J. (2018, September 24). National Women’s Soccer League averaged over 6,000 fans per game for first time in 2018. The Oregonian/Oregon Live. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland-thorns/2018/09/national_womens_soccer_league_18.html
   Google Scholar
• Goossens, K. (2006). Competitive balance in European football: Comparison by adapting measures: National measure of seasonal imbalance and top 3. Rivista di Diritto ed Economia Dello Sport, 2(2), 77–122.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, S. (1986, August). Entropic homogeneity isn’t why no one hits 0.400 any more. Discover, 60–66.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, S. (1996). Full house: The spread of excellence from Plato to Darwin. Three Rivers Press.
   Google Scholar
• Groot, L. (2008). Economics, uncertainty and European football. Trends in competitive balance. Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Handball Planet. (2018, February 28). Cristina Neagu is most paid in women’s handball. http://www.handball-planet.com/cristina-neagu-is-most-paid-in-womens-handball/
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, K. K., & Guvåg, B. (2018). Uncertainty of outcome and rule changes in European handball. European Journal of Sport Studies, 6(1), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12863/ejssax6x1-201x2
   Google Scholar
• Hoehn, T., & Szymanski, S. (1999). The Americanization of European football. Economic Policy, 14(28), 203–240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00048
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, I. (1997). The increasing competitive balance in major league baseball. Review of Industrial Organization, 12(3), 373–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007799730191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, B. R. (2002). Alternative measures of competitive balance in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203
   Google Scholar
• IHF. (2019). Marketing. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.ihf.info/marketing-homepage
   Google Scholar
• International Handball Federation. (2016). IX. Rules of the game. a) Indoor Handball. https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/2019-07/New-Rules%20of%20the%20Game_GB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jang, H., Lee, Y. H., & Fort, R. (2019). Winning in professional team sports: Historical moments. Economic Inquiry, 57(1), 103–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett, N. (1984). Attendances, uncertainty of outcome and policy in Scottish league football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 31(2), 176–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1984.tb00472.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell, T. (2014). Major league soccer in the USA. In J. Goddard & P. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of professional football (pp. 351–367). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Késenne, S. (2007). The economic theory of professional team sports. An analytical treatment. Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Kjær, J. B., & Agergaard, S. (2013). Understanding women’s professional soccer: The case of Denmark and Sweden. Soccer and Society, 14(6), 816–833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.843915
   Google Scholar
• Kringstad, M. (2018). Is gender a competitive balance driver? Evidence From Scandinavian Football. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1439264
   Google Scholar
• Kringstad, M., & Gerrard, B. (2004). The concepts competitive balance and uncertainty of outcome. In G. T. Papanikos (Ed.), The economics and management of mega athletic events: Olympic games, professional sports and other essays (pp. 115–130). ATINER.
   Google Scholar
• Kringstad, M., & Gerrard, B. (2007). Beyond competitive balance. In M. Parent, & T. Slack (Eds.), International perspectives on the management of sport (pp. 149–172). Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Kringstad, M., & Olsen, T. E. (2016). Can sporting success in Norwegian football be predicted from budgeted revenues? European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(1), 20–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1061032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, M. (2007, July). 265 million playing football. https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/bcoffsurv/emaga_9384_10704.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. H., Kim, Y., & Kim, S. (2019). A bias-corrected estimator of competitive balance in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 20(4), 479–508. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002518777974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, M. (2018, September, 17). NFL vs MLS—Revenue, salaries, viewership, attendance, and ratings. https://www.wsn.com/nfl/nfl-vs-mls/
   Google Scholar
• Magowan, A. (2019, April 19). What is the state of women’s football attendances after recent records? www.bbc.com/sport/football/47871431
   Google Scholar
• Maxcy, J. G. (2002). Rethinking restrictions on player mobility in major league baseball. Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(2), 145–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/20.2.145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxcy, J., & Mondello, M. (2006). The impact of free agency on competitive balance in North American professional team sports leagues. Journal of Sport Management, 20(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.3.345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MLS. (2018, March 2). MLS Roster rules and regulations 2019. https://www.mlssoccer.com/league/official-rules/mls-roster-rules-and-regulations
   Google Scholar
• NBA. (2018). Official rules 2018–19. https://cdn.nba.net/nba-drupal-prod/18-19-Rule-Book-10.26.18.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neale, W. (1964). The Peculiar economics of professional sports: A Contribution to the theory of the firm in sporting competition and in market competition. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 78(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1880543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, R. (1988). Professional basketball (Studies in industrial economics Paper no. 144). Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, P. D. (2010). Limitations of the relative standard deviation of win percentages for measuring competitive balance in sports leagues. Economics Letters, 109(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, P. D. (2012). Measuring parity in sports leagues with draws. Journal of Sports Economics, 13(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002510393738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, P. D. (2014). Measurement of competitive balance and uncertainty of outcome. In J. Goddard, & P. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of professional football (pp. 41–59). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, P. D., & King, N. (2015). Competitive balance measures in the sports league: The effects of variation in season length. Economic Inquiry, 53(1), 731–744. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, P. D., Ryan, M., & Weatherston, C. R. (2007). Measuring competitive balance in professional sports using the Herfindahl−hirschman index. Review of Industrial Organization, 31(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-008-9157-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A. V., Aksdal, I. M., & Stalsberg, R. (2019). Scaling demands of soccer according to anthropometric and physiological sex differences: A fairer comparison of men’s and women’s soccer. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(article 762), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00762
   Google Scholar
• Perline, M. M., Noble, J. S., & Stoldt, G. C. (2018, August 16). Competitive balance in NCAA “Power Conferences”: The case of men’s and women’s basketball. The Sport Journal. http://thesportjournal.org/article/competitive-balance-in-ncaa-power-conferences-the-case-of-mens-and-womens-basketball/
   Google Scholar
• Perline, M. M., & Stoldt, G. C. (2008, March 14). Competitive balance in men’s and women’s basketball: The cast of the Missouri Valley Conference. The Sport Journal. http://thesportjournal.org/article/competitive-balance-in-mens-and-womens-basketball-the-cast-of-the-missouri-valley-conference/
   Google Scholar
• Quirk, J., & Fort, R. (1992). Pay dirt. The business of professional team sports. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., Plumley, D., Boyes, S., & Wilson, R. (2018). A longitudinal and comparative analysis of competitive balance in five European football leagues. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 24(5/6), 265–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-09-2017-0055
   Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, S. (1956). The baseball players’ labor market. Journal of Political Economy, 64(3), 242–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/257790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra, J. M., Þorgeirsson, S., Chang, M., Kristjánsdóttir, H., & García-Hermoso, A. (2018). Discriminatory power of women’s handball game-related statistics at the Olympic games (2004−2016). Journal of Human Kinetics, 62(1), 221–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. B., & Berri, D. J. (2003). On the evolution of competitive balance: The impact of an increasing global search. Economic Inquiry, 41(4), 692–704. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbg037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully, G. (1989). The business of major league baseball. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sports & Fitness Industry Association. (2012, March 15). Over 26 million American play basketball. https://www.sfia.org/press/433_Over-26-Million-Americans-Play-Basketball
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski, S. (2003). The economic design of sporting contests. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(4), 1137–1187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.41.4.1137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski, S. (2015, April 23). So what is the MLS business model? https://www.soccernomics-agency.com/?p=692
   Google Scholar
• Treber, J., Levy, R., & Matheson, V. A. (2013). Gender differences in competitive balance in intercollegiate basketball. In M. Leeds, & E. S. Leeds (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of women sports (pp. 251–268). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• UEFA. (2016). Women’s football across the national associations 2016/17. https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/OfficialDocument/uefaorg/Women'sfootball/02/43/13/56/2431356_DOWNLOAD.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Utt, J., & Fort, R. (2002). Pitfalls to measuring competitive balance with Gini coefficients. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(4), 367–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300406
   Google Scholar
• Valenti, M., Scelles, N., & Morrow, S. (2019). The determinants of stadium attendance in elite women’s football: Evidence from the UEFA Women's Champions League. Sport Management Review. In press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.005.
   Google Scholar
• WNBA. (2017). WNBA scores highest attendance in six years during record-breaking season. https://www.wnba.com/news/wnba-scores-highest-attendance-six-years-record-breaking-season/
   Google Scholar
• WNBA. (2018). Official rules 2018. https://ak-static.cms.nba.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2018/06/2018-Rule-Book-FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zambom-Ferraresi, F., García-Cebrián, L. I., & Lera-López, F. (2018). Competitive balance in male and female leagues: Approximation to the Spanish case. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(Supplement issue 3), art. 196, 1323–1329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s3196
   Google Scholar
• Zimbalist, A. (1992a). Baseball and billions. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbalist, A. (1992b). Salaries and performance: Beyond the Scully model. In P. Sommers (Ed.), Diamonds are forever: The business of baseball (pp. 109–133). Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar