Assessing key performance indicators of corporate social responsibility initiatives in sport

References

• Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcañiz, E. B., Cáceres, R. C., & Pérez, R. C. (2010). Alliances between brands and social causes: The influence of company credibility on social responsibility image. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0461-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, L., & Eisend, M. (2018). Measurement of attitudes: A meta-analysis of advertising studies validates the single-item measure approach. Journal of Advertising Research, 58(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2017-001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiak, K., & Trendafilova, S. (2011). CSR and environmental responsibility: Motives and pressures to adopt green management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballouli, K., Trail, G. T., Koesters, T. C., & Bernthal, M. J. (2016). Differential effects of motives and points of attachment on conative loyalty of formula 1 U.S. Grand Prix attendees. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 25(3), 166–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker-Olsen, K. L., Cudmore, B. A., & Hill, R. P. (2006). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belz, F.-M., & Peattie, K. (2012). Sustainability marketing (2nd ed.). John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P., & Chou, C. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods and Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, J. (1999). Overcoming the ‘value-action gap’ in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience. Local Environment, 4(3), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839908725599
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 946–967. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, J., McCullough, B. P., & Pfahl, M. E. (2020). Examining environmental fan engagement initiatives through values and norms with intercollegiate sport fans. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, J., Pfahl, M., & McCullough, B. P. (2014). Intercollegiate sport and the environment: Examining fan engagement based on athletics department sustainability efforts. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 65–91.
   Google Scholar
• Casper, J., Pfahl, M., & McCullough, B. P. (2017). Is going green worth it? Assessing fan engagement and perceptions of athletic department environmental efforts. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 9(1), 106–134. https://doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V9-I1-7690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, J., Pfahl, M., & McSherry, M. (2012). Athletics department awareness and action regarding the environment: A study of NCAA athletics department sustainability practices. Journal of Sport Management, 26(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, J. C., McCullough, B. P., & Kushner Smith, D. M. (2021). Pro-environmental sustainability and political affiliation: An examination of college sport sustainability efforts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, S. (2002). The nature of commitment in sport sponsorship relations. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 4(3), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-04-03-2002-B005
   Google Scholar
• Chien, P. M., Cornwell, T. B., & Pappu, R. (2011). Sponsorship portfolio as a brand-image creation strategy. Journal of Business Research, 64(2), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, S. (2021). How corporate sustainability impacts the customer experience. CMSWire.com. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://www.cmswire.com/customer-experience/4-ways-sustainability-affects-the-customer-experience/
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell, T. B. (2020). Sponsorship in marketing: Effective partnerships in sports, arts and events. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell, T. B., & Coote, L. V. (2005). Corporate sponsorship of a cause: The role of identification in purchase intent. Journal of Business Research, 58(3), 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00135-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
   Google Scholar
• Dean, D. H. (2003). Associating the cooperation with a charitable event through sponsorship: Measuring the effects on corporate-community relations. Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cannière, M. H., De Pelsmacker, P., & Geuens, M. (2009). Relationship quality and the theory of planned behavior models of behavioral intentions and purchase behavior. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The ‘new environmental paradigm.’. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10801875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. (2007). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. In W. C. Zimmerli, M. Holzinger, & K. Richter (Eds.), Corporate ethics and corporate governance (pp. 173–178). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70818-6_14
   Google Scholar
• Gwinner, K. P., Larson, B. V., & Swanson, S. R. (2009). Image transfer in corporate event sponsorship: Assessing the impact of team identification and event-sponsor fit. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 2(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Habitzreuter, A. M., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2021). The impact of environmental CSR-linked sport sponsorship on attitude toward the sponsor depending on regulatory fit. Journal of Business Research, 124, 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H. (2020). Theory of green purchase behavior (TGPB): A new theory for sustainable consumption of green hotel and green restaurant products. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(6), 2815–2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, H. L. A. (1948). The ascription of responsibility and rights. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 49, 171–194. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4544455
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hustvedt, G., & Bernard, J. C. (2010). Effects of social responsibility labelling and brand on willingness to pay for apparel. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(6), 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00870.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, Y., & Kent, A. (2012a). Investigating the role of corporate credibility in corporate social marketing: A case study of environmental initiatives by professional sport organizations. Sport Management Review, 15(3), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, Y., & Kent, A. (2012b). Sport teams as promoters of pro-environmental behavior: An empirical study. Journal of Sport Management, 26(5), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.5.417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, Y., Kent, A., & Lee, S. (2011). CSR and the bottom line: Analyzing the link between CSR and financial performance for professional teams. Journal of Sport Management, 25(6), 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.6.531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. K., & Trail, G. (2010). Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 24(2), 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, T., Doyle, J. P., Funk, D. C., Du, J., & McDonald, H. (2016). The development and change of brand associations and their influence on team loyalty over time. Journal of Sport Management, 30(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, T., Funk, D. C., & Lock, D. (2017). The effect of league brand on the relationship between the team brand and behavioral intentions: A formative approach examining brand associations and brand relationships. Journal of Sport Management, 31(4), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, H., & Trail, G. (2005). The feasibility of single-item measures in sport loyalty research. Sport Management Review, 8(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70033-4
   Google Scholar
• Larkin, B., Fink, J., & Trail, G. T. (2015). The new home field advantage? An examination of constraints and motivators as predictors of sport media consumption intention. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 24(3), 183–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lii, Y. S., Wu, K. W., & Ding, M. C. (2013). Doing good does good? Sustainable marketing of CSR and consumer evaluations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, M. (2020). Venue renamed Climate Pledge Arena. https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/amazon-seattle-nhl-climate-pledge-arena-naming-rights/
   Google Scholar
• Madill, J., & O’Reilly, N. (2010). Investigating social marketing sponsorships: Terminology, stakeholders, and objectives. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maktoufi, R., O’Connor, A., & Shumate, M. (2020). Does the CSR message matter? Untangling the relationship between corporate–nonprofit partnerships, created fit messages, and activist evaluations. Management Communication Quarterly, 34(2), 188–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318919897059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., Stevens, J., & Adams, L. J. (2011). A content analysis of environmental sustainability research in a sport-related journal sample. Journal of Sport Management, 25(3), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, R., Pereira, E., Rosado, A., Marôco, J., McCullough, B. P., & Mascarenhas, M. (2021). Understanding spectator sustainable transportation intentions in international sport tourism events. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1991936
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, B. P., & Cunningham, G. B. (2010). A conceptual model to understand the impetus to engage in and the expected organizational outcomes of green initiatives. Quest (Grand Rapids, MI ), 62(4), 348–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2010.10483654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, B. P., Hardie, A., Kellison, T., & Dixon, M. A. (2021). Environmental perspectives of external stakeholders in sport. Managing Sport and Leisure. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1950037
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Kellison, T. (2020). Sport ecology: Conceptualizing an emerging subdiscipline within sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 34(6), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M., & Nguyen, S. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, B. P., & Trail, G. T. (2021). Transformative marketing: Health and well-being of Special Olympic athletes. International Journal for Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(3), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-04-2020-0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2016). The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists’ intentions: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 57, 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mervosh, S. (2019, April 30). Seaweed pods, anyone? Marathons get creative to stop littering the streets. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/sports/marathons-plastic-water-bottles.html
   Google Scholar
• Millington, R., Giles, A. R., van Luijk, N., & Hayhurst, L. M. C. (2021). Sport for sustainability? The extractives industry, sport, and sustainable development. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723521991413
   Google Scholar
• Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nastu, J. (2018). Adidas plays well with Parley on U. of Miami Football Uniforms. Environment + Energy Leader. https://www.environmentalleader.com/2018/08/adidas-plays-well-with-parley-for-the-oceans-on-u-of-miami-football-uniforms/
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen Fan Insights. (2014). Doing well by doing good. Nielsen.com. https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/global-corporate-social-responsibility-report-june-2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ogus, S. (2020, January 30). Hard Rock Stadium will utilize recycled aluminum cups in sustainability initiative for Super Bowl LIV. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonogus/2020/01/30/hard-rock-stadium-will-utilize-recycled-aluminum-cups-in-sustainability-initiative-for-super-bowl/?sh = 244ab16839a0
   Google Scholar
• Parker, L. (2015). New study shows plastic in Oceans is on the rise. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/150212-ocean-debris-plastic-garbage-patches-science
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, M., & Trail, G. T. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport Management, 19(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.1.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4), 305–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(02)00097-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2000). Value priorities and subjective wellbeing: Direct relations and congruity effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2<177::AID-EJSP982>3.0.CO;2-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinbaum, A. C., & Lacey, R. (2015). Event social responsibility: A note to improve outcomes for sponsors and events. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1982–1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin, B., Parent, M. M., & O'Reilly, N. (2010). Corporate support: A corporate social responsibility alternative to traditional event sponsorship. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 7(3–4), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2010.032551
   Google Scholar
• Speed, R., & Thompson, P. (2000). Determinants of sports sponsorship response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300282004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24707060
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Black, J. S. (1986). Support for environmental protection: The role of moral norms. Population and Environment, 8(3–4), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01263074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Till, B. D., & Busler, M. (2000). The match-up hypothesis: Physical attractiveness, expertise, and the role of fit on brand attitude, purchase intent and brand beliefs. Journal of Advertising, 29(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2000.10673613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T. (2015). Marketing sustainability through sport organizations. In B. P. McCullough (Ed.), Introduction to environmental sport management (pp. 81–101). Forwarding Sport Sustainability, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T. (2016). Marketing sustainability through sport. Sport Consumer Research Consultants LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T. (2019). Sport consumer behavior (4th ed.). Sport Consumer Research Consultants LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., Fink, J. S., & Anderson, D. F. (2003). Sport spectator consumption behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(1), 8–17.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., & McCullough, B. P. (2018). Differential effects of internal and external constraints on sustainability intentions: A hierarchical regression analysis by market segment of running event participants. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 6(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.13185/JM2018.06206
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., & McCullough, B. P. (2020). Marketing sustainability through sport: Testing the sport participant sustainability behavior model. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(2), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1580301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., & McCullough, B. P. (2021). A longitudinal study of sustainability attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Sustainability Science, 16(5), 1503–5118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00954-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trendafilova, S., & McCullough, B. P. (2018). Environmental sustainability scholarship and the efforts of the sport sector: A rapid review of literature. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1467256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, Y., & McCullough, B. P. (2019). Brand awareness of green sponsorship announcements. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 13(4), 225–243.
   Google Scholar
• Uhrich, S., Koenigstorfer, J., & Groeppel-Klein, A. (2014). Leveraging sponsorship with corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 2023–2029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Do fans care? Assessing the influence of corporate social responsibility on consumer attitudes in the sport industry. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 743–769. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.6.743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanous, J. P., & Hudy, M. J. (2001). Single-item reliability: A replication and extension. Organizational Research Methods, 4(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810144003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wear, H., & Heere, B. (2018). Brand new: A longitudinal investigation of brand associations as drivers of team identity among fans of a new sport team. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A. (2000). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• White, K., & Simpson, B. (2013). When do (and don’t) normative appeals influence sustainable consumer behaviors? Journal of Marketing, 77(March), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0278
   Google Scholar
• Zasuwa, G. (2017). The role of company-cause fit and company involvement in consumer responses to CSR initiatives: A meta-analytic review. Sustainability, 9(6), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar