4,213
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

A Contemporary View of Applied Relaxation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

, , &
Pages 292-302 | Received 27 Nov 2012, Accepted 13 Feb 2013, Published online: 04 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arch, J.J., & Craske, M.G. (2008). Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: Different treatments, similar mechanisms?Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 263–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00137.x.
  • Arntz, A. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation as treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 633–646. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00045-1.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
  • Barrios, B.A., & Shigetomi, C.C. (1979). Coping-skills training for the management of anxiety: A critical review. Behavior Therapy, 10, 491–522.
  • Beck, J.G., Stanley, M.A., Baldwin, L.E., Deagle, E.A., & Averill, P.M. (1994). Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 818–826. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.4.818.
  • Bernstein, D.A., & Borkovec, T.D. (1973). Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
  • Bernstein, D.A., Borkovec, T.D., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2000). New directions in progressive relaxation training: A guidebook for helping professionals. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
  • Borkovec, T.D., Alcaine, O.M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In D.S.Mennin, R.G.Heimberg, & C.L.Turk (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Borkovec, T.D., & Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 611–619. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.611.
  • Borkovec, T.D., & Sharpless, B. (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder: Bringing cognitive-behavioral therapy into the valued present. In S.C.Hayes, V.M.Follette, & M.M.Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 209–242). New York: Guilford.
  • Butler, G., Fennell, M., Robson, P., & Gelder, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 167–175. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.167.
  • Chambless, D.L., & Ollendick, T.H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.
  • Chang-Liang, R., & Denney, D.R. (1976). Applied Relaxation as training in self-control. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 183–189.
  • Conrad, A., & Roth, W.T. (2007). Muscle relaxation therapy for anxiety disorders: It works but how?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 243–264. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.001.
  • Craske, M.G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008). Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 5–27. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003.
  • Donegan, E., & Dugas, M.J. (2012). Generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison of symptom change in adults receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy or applied relaxation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 490–496. doi: 10.1037/a0028132.
  • Dugas, M.J., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R., & Gervais, N.J. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 41, 46–58. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.004.
  • Dugas, M.J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M.H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215–226. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3.
  • Foa, E.B., Huppert, J.D., & Cahill, S.P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B.O.Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
  • Gellhorn, E., & Kiely, W.F. (1972). Mystical states of consciousness: Neurophysiological and clinical aspects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 154, 399–405.
  • Goldfried, M.R. (1971). Systematic desensitization as training in self-control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 228–234. doi: 10.1037/h0031974.
  • Gollwitzer, P.M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493–503.
  • Hayes, S.C., Wilson, K.G., Gifford, E.V., Follette, V.M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152.
  • Hayes, S.C., Luoma, J.B., Bond, F.W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.
  • Hayes-Skelton, S.A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S.M. (2012a). A randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. Manuscript under review.
  • Hayes-Skelton, S.A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S.M. (2012b, November). Mechanisms of change in an acceptance-based behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. InPaper presented at the annual meeting of the association for behavioral and cognitive therapies, National Harbor, MD.
  • Hayes-Skelton, S.A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S.M. (2013). A randomized clinical trail comparing an acceptance based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. Under Review.
  • Hayes-Skelton, S.A., Usmani, A., Lee, J., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S.M. (2012). A fresh look at potential mechanisms of change in applied relaxation: A case series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 451–462. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.12.005.
  • Hoyer, J., Beesdo, K., Gloster, A.T., Runge, J., Höfler, M., & Becker, E.S. (2009). Worry exposure versus applied relaxation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 106–115.
  • Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation. Oxford: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. New York: Hyperion.
  • Lee, J., Orsillo, S.M., Roemer, L., & Allen, L. (2010). Distress and avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: Exploring the relationships with intolerance of uncertainty and worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39, 126–136. doi:10.1080/16506070902966918.
  • Mennin, D.S., Heimberg, R.G., Turk, C.L., & Fresco, D.M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1281–1310. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008.
  • Norton, P.J., & Price, E.P. (2007). A meta-analytic review of cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 521–531. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a.
  • Öst, L.-G. (1985). Coping techniques in the treatment of anxiety disorders: Two controlled case studies. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 13, 154–161. doi: 10.1017/S0141347300010107.
  • Öst, L.-G. (1987). Applied relaxation: Description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25(5), 397–409. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90017-9.
  • Öst, L.-G. (1988). Applied relaxation vs. progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(1), 13–22. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90029-0.
  • Öst, L.-G., & Breitholtz, E. (2000). Applied relaxation vs. cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 777–790. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00095-9.
  • Öst, L.-G., Jerremalm, A., & Johansson, J. (1981). Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 1–16. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(81)90107-8.
  • Öst, L.-G., Johansson, J., & Jerremalm, A. (1982). Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of claustrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 445–460. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(82)90066-3.
  • Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S.M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/ acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models (featured article). Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 54–68. 10.1093/clipsy/9.1.54.
  • Russell, R.K., & Sipich, J.F. (1973). Cue-controlled relaxation in the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 47–49. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(73)90038-4.
  • Safran, J.D., & Segal, Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Basic Books.
  • Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M.T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11, 95–114. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001.
  • Siev, J., & Chambless, D.L. (2007). Specificity of treatment effects: Cognitive therapy and relaxation for generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 513–522. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.513.
  • Tarrier, N., & Main, C.J. (1986). Applied relaxation training for generalized anxiety and panic attacks: The efficacy of a learnt coping strategy on subjective reports. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 330–336. doi: 10.1192/bjp.149.3.330.
  • Twohig, M.P., Hayes, S.C., Plumb, J.C., Pruitt, L.D., Collins, A.B., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Woidneck, M.R. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 705–716. doi: 10.1037/a0020508.
  • Wells, A., & Carter, K. (1999). Preliminary tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 585–594. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00156-9.
  • Wells, A., Welford, M., King, P., Papageorgiou, C., Wisely, J., & Mendel, E. (2010). A pilot randomized trial of metacognitive therapy vs applied relaxation in the treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(5), 429–434. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.013.
  • Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A.A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques: A guide to the treatment of neuroses. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.