Confrontation or Conciliation? The Plight of Small Media Brands in a Zero Sum Marketplace

References

• Aaker, D. A. (2004). Brand portfolio strategy. Creating differentiation, energy, leverage and clarity New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker, D. A. (2001).Developing business strategies (6th ed). New York: John Wiley& Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker. D. A., Keller, K. L. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 54, 27–41.
   Google Scholar
• Auletta, K. (2003, May 26). How roger ailes and fox news are changing cable news. The New Yorker, 58–68.
   Google Scholar
• Bae, H. S. (1999). Product differentiation in cable programming: The case in the cable national all-news networks. Journal of Media Economics, 12, 265–277.
   Google Scholar
• Bergan, M., & Peteraf, M. (2002).Competitor identification and competitor analysis: A broad-based managerial approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, 23, 157–169.
   Google Scholar
• Bertalanffy, L.V. (1969). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: G. Braziller.
   Google Scholar
• Bhat, S., & Reddy, S. K. (1998). Symbolic and functional positioning of brands. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15, 34–43.
   Google Scholar
• Bianco, A. (2005, January 17). The future of the New York Times. Business Week, p. 64
   Google Scholar
• Bianco, A. (2004, July 12). The vanishing mass market. Business Week, p.60.
   Google Scholar
• Buss, D. (2000, December). Nike: Biography of a brand. Brand Marketing, p. 41.
   Google Scholar
• Chan-Olmsted, S. (2005). Issues in Strategic Management. In A. B. Albarran, S.
   Google Scholar
• Chan-Olmsted, & M. O. Wirth, Handbook of media management and economics (pp. 229–250). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Chan-Olmsted, S., & Ha, L. (2003). Internet business models for broadcasting: How television stations perceive and integrate the internet. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 47, 597–218.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, S. (2004). Crazy Like a Fox: The Inside Story of How Fox News Beat CNN. New York: Portfolio.
   Google Scholar
• Churchill, G. A. (1999). Marketing research. Methodological foundations (7th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, G. L., & Hollifield, C. A. (2002). Times of turmoil: Short and long term effects of organizational change on newsroom employees. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 661–680.
   Google Scholar
• Dimmick, J. W. (2003). Media competition and coexistence. The Theory of the niche. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., & Wattanasuwan, K. (1998). Brands as symbolic resources for the construction of identity. International Journal of Advertising, 17, 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg, A., Goodhart, G., & Barwise, T. P. (1990). Double jeopardy revisited. Journal of Marketing, 54, 82–91.
   Google Scholar
• Emons, W. (2000). Product differentiation and price competition between a safe and risky seller. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 156,
   Google Scholar
• Finkle, J. (2005, January 25). Turner compares fox’s popularity to Hitler. Broadcasting and Cable, 135 p.19.
   Google Scholar
• Fox (2004, July 26). Fox on the hounds. Ailes takes aim at critics and competition. Broadcasting and Cable, 134, p. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Fox (2003, October 27). Roger’s balancing act. Fox’s Ailes shakes up the news status quo. Broadcasting and Cable, 133, p.28.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, K. E. (1978). The circulation spiral and the principle of household coverage. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 16, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeffler, S., Keller, K. L. (2003). The marketing advantages of strong brands. Journal of Brand Management, 10, 421–445.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, D. B. (2003). Brands and branding. Harvard Business School Note 9–503–045.
   Google Scholar
• Iansiti, M., & Levien, R. (2004, March). Strategy as ecology. Harvard Business Review, 82, 68–79, 126.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, A., & Goode, M. M. H. (2001). Consumers and brands: A study of the impact of selfimage congruence on brand preference and satisfaction. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19, 482–492.
   Google Scholar
• Keith, M. C. (2004). The radio station (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Focal Press
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (2003a). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (2003b). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 595–600.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, R. (1998). The 80/20 principle. New York: Currency – Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Lawes, R. (2002) Demystifying semiotics: Some key questions answered. International Journal of Market Research, 44, 251–282.
   Google Scholar
• Lehman-Wilzig, S., & Cohen-Avignor, N. (2004). The natural lifecycle of new media evolution. New media and society, 6, 707–730.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. F. (2002). Segmenting customer brand preference: demographics or psychographic. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 11, 249–268.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, J., & de Chernatony, L. (2004). The power of emotion: Brand communication in business-to-business markets. Journal of Brand Management, 11, 403–419.
   Google Scholar
• Martel, N. (2005, March 6). The business of news. Outfoxing fox – take 6. Los Angeles Times, part E, p. 1
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, W.S., & Dick, S.J. (in press). Exploring the dynamics of power ratios among u.s radio stations. Journal of Media Business Studies. McDowell, W. S. (2005). Issues in Marketing and Branding in Edited by A. B. Albarran, S. Chan-Olmsted & M. O. Wirth. Handbook of Media Management and Economics. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, W.S. (2004a). Selling the Niche: A Qualitative Concept Analysis of Cable
   Google Scholar
• Network Business-to-business Advertising. International Journal on Media Management. 6 (3&4), 217–225.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, W. S (2004b). Exploring a free association methodology to capture and differentiate abstract media brand associations: A study of three cable news networks. Journal of Media Economics, 17, 309–320.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, W., Dick S. (2001). Using TV daypart “double jeopardy effects” to boost advertising efficiency. Journal of Advertising Research, 41, 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• McLuhan, M., & Fiori, Q (1967). The medium is the massage. New York: Bantam Book.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, J. F. (1993). Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review,71 (3), 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Motavalli, J. (2005, March 6). Fox vs. CNBC? Now that would be a grudge match. New York Times, BU 5.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center (2004). Media and Politics study released October 24, 2004. Viewers impressed with campaign but news gets lukewarm ratings. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Retrieved from website: www. people-press.org. March 1, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Picard, R.G (2005) Historical Trends and patterns in media economics. In A. B. Albarran, S. Chan-Olmsted, & M. O. Wirth, Handbook of media management and economics (pp. 23–36). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Picard, R.G., Winter, J.P, McCombs, M., & Lacy, S. (1988). Press concentration and monopoly: New perspectives on newspaper ownership and operation. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M.E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, November – December, 61–78.
   Google Scholar
• Reis, A., & Trout, J. (2000). Positioning. The battle for your mind (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Rossiter, J. R., & Danaher, P. J. (1998). Advanced media planning. Boston: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, J. (2004, November 9). Fox news strives to retain ‘underdog’ edge. The International Herald Tribune, Finance, p. 16.
   Google Scholar
• Tan Tsu Wee, T. & Chua Han Ming, M. (2003). Leveraging on symbolic values and meanings in branding. Journal of Brand Management, 10, 208–218.
   Google Scholar
• TVB (2005) Television Bureau of Advertising Website: wwwTVB.org. Retrieved March 10, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, C., & Buchman, J. (2004). Media selling. Broadcast, cable, print, and interactive. Ames: Iowa State Press.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, J. G., Phalen, P. F., & Lichty, L. W. (2000). Ratings analysis: Theory and practice. Hillsdale, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Yoffie, D. B., Kwak, M. (2001). Judo strategy. Turning your competitor’s strength to your advantage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar