2,020
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Non-journalistic competitors of news media brands on Google and YouTube: From solid competition to a liquid media market

, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 27-44 | Received 12 Aug 2019, Accepted 02 Oct 2020, Published online: 11 Nov 2020

References

  • Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. Free Press.
  • Agichtein, E., Brill, E., & Dumais, S. (2006, August). Improving web search ranking by incorporating user behavior information. In Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval (pp. 19–26). Seattle Washington. https://doi.org/10.1145/1148170.1148177
  • Altmeppen, K.-D. (2006). Journalismus und Medien als Organisationen. Leistungen, Strukturen und Management [Journalism and media as organizations. Performances, structures and management]. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
  • Anderson, C. (2006). The long tail: How endless choice is creating unlimited demand. The new economics of culture and commerce. Random House.
  • Armstrong, M. (2006). Competition in two-sided markets. The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 668–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x
  • Arrese, Á., & Pérez-Latre, F. J. (2017). The rise of brand journalism. In G. Siegert, M. B. Von Rimscha, & S. Grubenmann (Eds.), Commercial communication in the digital age (pp. 121–140). De Gruyter.
  • Aslam, R., Gibbons, D., & Ghezzi, P. (2017). Online information on antioxidants: Information quality indicators, commercial interests, and ranking by Google. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(90), 1–90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00090
  • Bachmann, P., Hunziker, S., & Rüedy, T. (2019). Selling their souls to the advertisers? How native advertising degrades the quality of prestige media outlets. Journal of Media Business Studies, 16(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2019.1596723
  • Bachmann, P., & Ingenhoff, D. (2017). Finding common ground: CSR and media responsibility. In K.-D. Altmeppen, C. A. Hollifield, & J. van Loon (Eds.), Value-oriented media management. Media business and innovation (pp. 147–157). Springer.
  • Baetzgen, A., & Tropp, J. (2013). Owned media. Developing a theory from the buzzword. Studies in Media and Communication, 1(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v1i2.172
  • Baetzgen, A., & Tropp, J. (2015). How can brand-owned media be managed? Exploring the managerial success factors of the new interrelation between brands and media. International Journal on Media Management, 17(3), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2015.1088017
  • Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity Press.
  • Bentele, G., Hoepfner, J., & Liebert, T. (2015). Corporate publishing. In R. Fröhlich, P. Szyszka, & G. Bentele (Eds.), Handbuch der Public Relations [Handbook of public relations] (pp. 1039–1054). Springer VS.
  • Carlson, M. (2015). Introduction. The many boundaries of journalism. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism. Professionalism, practices and participation (pp. 1–18). Routledge.
  • Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2006). Competitive strategy for media firms: Strategic and brand management in changing media markets. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Chyi, H. I., & Sylvie, G. (2000). Online newspapers in the U.S.: Perceptions of markets, products, revenue, and competition. International Journal on Media Management, 2(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241270009389924
  • Clark, D. D., Lehr, W. H., & Bauer, S. (2016). Interconnection in the Internet: Peering, interoperability and content delivery. In J. M. Bauer & M. Latzer (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet (pp. 344–362)). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Coddington, M. (2015). The wall becomes a curtain. Revisiting journalism’s news–business boundary. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism. Professionalism, practices and participation (pp. 68–82). Routledge.
  • Cunningham, S., Craig, D., & Silver, J. (2016). YouTube, multichannel networks and the accelerated evolution of the new screen ecology. Convergence, 22(4), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641620
  • Dänzler, S. (2014). Agile branding – Wie das digitale Werbegut die Kommunikation verändert [Agile branding – How digital advertising goods change communication]. In S. Dänzler & T. Heun (Eds.), Marke und digitale Medien [Brand and digital media] (pp. 17–32). Springer.
  • Davenport, T. H., & Beck, J. C. (2001). The attention economy: Understanding the new currency of business. Harvard Business Press.
  • De Waal, E., & Schoenbach, K. (2010). News sites’ position in the mediascape: Uses, evaluations and media displacement effects over time. New Media & Society, 12(3), 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341859
  • Deuze, M. (2011). Media life. Media, Culture & Society, 33(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710386518
  • Dimmick, J., Chen, Y., & Li, Z. (2004). Competition between the Internet and traditional news media: The gratification-opportunities niche dimension. Journal of Media Economics, 17(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1701_2
  • Domingo, D., & Le Cam, F. (2014). Journalism in dispersion. Exploring the blurring boundaries of newsmaking through a controversy. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.897832
  • Doyle, G. (2014). Re-invention and survival: Newspapers in the era of digital multiplatform delivery. Journal of Media Business Studies, 10(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2013.11073569
  • Doyle, G. (2015). Multi-platform media and the miracle of the loaves and fishes. Journal of Media Business Studies, 12(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2015.1027113
  • Edgerly, S., & Vraga, E. K. (2019). News, entertainment, or both? Exploring audience perceptions of media genre in a hybrid media environment. Journalism, 20(6), 807–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730709
  • Ekström, M., Lewis, S. C., & Westlund, O. (2020). Epistemologies of digital journalism and the study of misinformation. New Media & Society, 22(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856914
  • Ekström, M., & Westlund, O. (2019). Epistemology and journalism. In H. Örnebring (Ed.), Oxford encyclopedia of journalism studies (pp. 1–30). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.806T
  • Frühbrodt, L. (2016). Content Marketing. Wie ‚Unternehmensjournalisten‘ die öffentliche Meinung beeinflussen (Bd. 86) [Content marketing. How ‘corporate journalists’ influence public opinion]. Otto Brenner Stiftung.
  • Google Trends (2018). See what was trending in 2017 – Switzerland. https://trends.google.ch/trends/yis/2017/CH/
  • Ha, L., & McCann, K. (2008). An integrated model of advertising clutter in offline and online media. International Journal of Advertising, 27(4), 569–592. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0265048708080153
  • Hallermayer, M., Menke, M., & Kinnebrock, S. (2015). Ist content king? – Zur Bedeutung neuer Content-Formate [Is content king? - The importance of new content formats]. In T. Breyer-Mayländer (Ed.), Vom Zeitungsverlag zum Medienhaus. Geschäftsmodelle in Zeiten der Medienkonvergenz [From newspaper publisher to media house. Business models in times of media convergence] (pp. 53–60). Springer Gabler.
  • Hargittai, E. (2007). The social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions of search engines: An introduction. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(3), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00349.x
  • Hollifield, C. A. (2006). News media performance in hypercompetitive markets: An extended model of effects. The International Journal on Media Management, 8(2), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1207/s14241250ijmm0802_2
  • Humprecht, E. (2016). Shaping online news performance. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kaplan, A. M. (2015). Social media, the digital revolution, and the business of media. International Journal on Media Management, 17(4), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2015.1120014
  • Kaye, J., & Quinn, S. (2010). Funding journalism in the digital age. Business models, strategies, issues and trends. Peter Lang.
  • Koch, T., & Obermaier, M. (2014). Blurred lines: German freelance journalists with secondary employment in public relations. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.02.006
  • Krebs, I. (2017). Does the brand affect the quality perception of news articles? – An experimental study on news media brands in Switzerland. Journal of Media Business Studies, 14(4), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2017.1282753
  • Krebs, I., & Siegert, G. (2015). 20 years of research on media brands and media branding. In G. Siegert, K. Förster, S. Chan-Olmsted, & M. Ots (Eds.), Handbook of media branding (pp. 33–47). Springer.
  • Kruckeberg, D., & Tsetsura, K. (2017). Transparency, public relations and the mass media: Combating the hidden influences in news coverage worldwide. Routledge.
  • Küng, L. (2015). Innovators in digital news. I.B. Tauris with the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
  • Lacy, S., & Blanchard, A. (2003). The impact of public ownership, profits, and competition on number of newsroom employees and starting salaries in mid-sized daily newspapers. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(4), 949–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000413
  • Latzer, M., Büchi, M., & Festic, N. (2020). Internet use in Switzerland 2011–2019: Trends, attitudes and effects. Summary report from the World Internet Project – Switzerland. University of Zurich. http://mediachange.ch/research/wip-ch-2019
  • Lewandowski, D. (2013). Challenges for search engine retrieval effectiveness evaluations: Universal search, user intents, and results presentation. In G. Pasi, G. Bordogna, & L. Jain (Eds.), Quality issues in the management of web information. Intelligent Systems Reference Library (Vol. 50, pp. 179–196). Springer.
  • Lorigo, L., Haridasan, M., Brynjarsdóttir, H., Xia, L., Joachims, T., Gay, G., Granka, L., Pellacini, F., & Pan, B. (2008). Eye tracking and online search: Lessons learned and challenges ahead. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(7), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20794
  • Machill, M., Neuberger, C., Schweiger, W., & Wirth, W. (2004). Navigating the Internet: A study of German-language search engines. European Journal of Communication, 19(3), 321–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323104045258
  • Maki, A., Evans, R., & Ghezzi, P. (2015). Bad news: Analysis of the quality of information on influenza prevention returned by Google in English and Italian. Frontiers in Immunology, 6(616), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00616
  • Matteo, S., & Dal Zotto, C. (2015). Handbook of media branding. In G. Siegert, K. Förster, S. M. Chan-Olmsted, & M. Ots (Eds.), Native advertising, or how to stretch editorial to sponsored content within a transmedia branding era (pp. 169–185). Springer International Publishing.
  • McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance. Mass communication and the public interest. SAGE.
  • Mitchell, R. (2018). Web scraping with Python: Collecting more data from the modern web. O’Reilly.
  • Münstermann, H., & Würtenberger, P. (2016). Programmatic disruption for premium publishers. In O. Busch (Ed.), Programmatic advertising. The successful transformation to automated, data- driven marketing in real-time (pp. 25–36). Springer.
  • Neuberger, C. (2002). Alles Content, oder was? Vom Unsichtbarwerden des Journalismus im Internet [All content or what? The Invisibility of Journalism on the Internet]. In R. Hohlfeld, K. Meier, C. Neuberger, & K. U. Eichstätt (Eds.), Innovationen im Journalismus: Forschung für die Praxis [Innovations in journalism: Research for practice] (pp. 25–69). Lit.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters institute digital news report. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf
  • Ots, M., & Hartmann, B. J. (2015). Media brand cultures: Researching and theorizing how consumers engage in the social construction of media brands. In G. Siegert, K. Förster, S. Chan-Olmsted, & M. Ots (Eds.), Handbook of media branding (pp. 217–229). Springer.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin.
  • Patterson, S. J., & Radtke, J. M. (2009). Strategic communications for nonprofit organizations: Seven steps to creating a successful plan (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  • Patterson, T. E. (2013). Informing the new. The need for knowledge-based journalism. Vintage Books.
  • Picard, R. G. (1989). Media economics. Concepts and issues. Sage.
  • Picard, R. G. (2002). The economics and financing in media companies. Fordham University Press.
  • Roos, G. T. (2018). Megatrends und Herausforderungen für die Schweiz [Megatrends and challenges for Switzerland]. Report von swissfuture im Auftrag von digitalswitzerland. Swissfuture. Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://digitalswitzerland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Megatrends_Report_Swissfuture.pdf
  • Russi, L., Siegert, G., Gerth, M. A., & Krebs, I. (2014). The relationship of competition and financial commitment revisited. A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis in European newspaper markets. Journal of Media Economics, 27(2), 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2014.903958
  • Segev, E. (2010). Google and the digital divide: The bias of online knowledge. Chandos.
  • Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1999). Information rules: A strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Sherman, R., & Waterman, D. (2016). The economics of online video entertainment. In J. M. Bauer & M. Latzer (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of the internet (pp. 458–474)). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Siegert, G. (2001). Medien marken management: Relevanz, Spezifika und Implikationen einer medienökonomischen Profilierungsstrategie [Media brand management: Relevance, specifics, and implications of a profiling strategy from a media economics perspective]. Reinhard Fischer.
  • Siegert, G., Förster, K., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., & Ots, M. (2015). What is so special about media branding? Peculiarities and commonalities of a growing research area. In G. Siegert, K. Förster, S. Chan-Olmsted, & M. Ots (Eds.), Handbook of media branding (pp. 1–10). Springer.
  • Siegert, G., Gerth, M. A., & Rademacher, P. (2011). Brand identity-driven decision making by journalists and media managers: The MBAC model as a theoretical framework. International Journal on Media Management, 13(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2010.545363
  • Siegert, G., von Rimscha, M. B., & Grubenmann, S. (2017). Introduction: Commercial communication in the digital age – Disinforming informed users? In G. Siegert, M. B. von Rimscha, & S. Grubenmann (Eds.), Commercial communication in the digital age (pp. 1–12). De Gruyter.
  • Siles, I., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2012). Making sense of the newspaper crisis: A critical assessment of existing research and an agenda for future work. New Media & Society, 14(8), 1375–1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812455148
  • Singer, J. B. (2015). Out of bounds: Professional norms as boundary markers. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism. Professionalism, practices and participation (pp. 29–36). Routledge.
  • Sjøvaag, H. (2015). Hard news/soft news. The hierarchy of genres and the boundaries of the profession. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism. Professionalism, practices and participation (pp. 101–117). Routledge.
  • Tungate, M. (2005). Media monoliths. How great media brands thrive and survive. Kogan Page.
  • Unkel, J., & Haas, A. (2017). The effects of credibility cues on the selection of search engine results. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(8), 1850–1862. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23820
  • van der Wurff, R. (2011). Are news media substitutes? Gratifications, contents, and uses. Journal of Media Economics, 24(3), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2011.601974
  • van der Wurff, R., & van Cuilenburg, J. (2013). Impact of moderate and ruinous competition on diversity: The Dutch television market. Journal of Media Economics, 14(4), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327736ME1404_2
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2015). Resisting epistemologies of user-generated content? Cooptation, segregation and the boundaries of journalism. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism. Professionalism, practices and participation (pp. 169–185). Routledge.
  • Waldfogel, J. (2017). How digitization has created a golden age of music, movies, books, and television. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(3), 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.3.195
  • Wirtz, B. W., & Elsässer, M. (2017). Business models in media markets. In K.-D. Altmeppen, C. A. Hollifield, & J. van Loon (Eds.), Value-oriented media management. Media business and innovation (pp. 33–48). Springer.
  • Xiang, Z., & Law, R. (2013). Online competitive information space for hotels: An Information search perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22(5), 530–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.671563

Software packages

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.