An invisible workforce: the neglected role of cleaners in patient safety on maternity units

References

• WHO. World health statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Miller S, Abaloe E, Chamillard M, et al. Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide. Lancet. 2016;388:2176–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi A, Huskins W, Thaver D, et al. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet. 2005;365:1175–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halder A, Vijayselvi R, Jose R. Changing perspectives of infectious causes of maternal mortality. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2015;16:208–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould I. Alexander Gordon, puerperal sepsis, and modern theories of infection control–semmelweis in perspective. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:275–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham WJ, Morrison E, Dancer S, et al. What are the threats from antimicrobial resistance for maternity units in low- and middle- income countries? Glob Health Action. 2016;9:33381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rampling A, Wiseman S, Davis L, et al. Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 2001;49:109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter J, Yezli S, Salkeld J, et al. Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:S6– S11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber D, Rutala W, Miller M, et al. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. Am J Infect Control. 2010;8:S25–S33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman M. Neonatal intensive care unit: reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens. West Afr J Med. 2002;21:310–312.
   Google Scholar
• Cross S, Afsana K, Banu M, et al. Hygiene on maternity units: lessons from a needs assessment in Bangladesh and India. Glob Health Action. 2016;9. DOI:10.3402/gha.v9.32541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gon G, Restrepo-Mendez MC, Campbell OM, et al. Who delivers without water? a multi country analysis of water and sanitation in the childbirth environment. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0160572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin A, Avgar A, Becker E. Superbugs versus outsourced cleaners: employment arrangements and the spread of health care-associated infections. Ind Labor Relat Rev. 2017;70:610–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancer S. Measuring the effect of enhanced cleaning in a UK hospital: a prospective cross-over study. BMC Med. 2009;7:28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Essential environmental health standards in health care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• EU-OSHA. The occupational safety and health of cleaning workers. Luxembourg: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M, Bosma H, Hemingway H, et al. Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 1997;350:235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlisle F. Marginalisation and ideas of community among Latin American migrants to the UK. Gender & Development. 2006;14:235–245.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffery P, Jeffery R, Lyon A. Labour pains and labour power: women and childbearing in India. USA: Zed Books Ltd; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Hopman J, Hakizimana B, Meintjes W, et al. Manual cleaning of hospital mattresses: an observational study comparing high- and low-resource settings. J Hosp Infect. 2016;92:14–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing K. Hospital trash: cleaners speak of their role in disease prevention. Med Anthropol Q. 1998;12:168–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salerno S, Kolman V, Livigni L, et al. Women’s working conditions in hospital cleaning: a case study. Work. 2012;41:4315–4319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma S, van Teilingen E, Hundley V, et al. Dirty and 40 days in the wilderness: eliciting childbirth and postnatal cultural practices and beliefs in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hollen C. Birth of the threshold: childbirth and modernity in South India. UK: University of California Press, Ltd; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Felix A, Gama K, Padoveze M, et al. Impact of a practical training program for hospital cleaning staff on prevention of hospital acquired infection. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42:S90.
   Google Scholar
• Khan M. The impact of training and motivation on performance of employees. Business Review. 2012;7:2.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Core components for infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acute health care facility level. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• WHO/UNICEF. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities. Status in low- and middle- income countries and way forward. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Allegranzi B, Kilpatrick C, Storr J, et al. Global infection prevention and control priorities 2018–2022: a call for action. Lancet. 2017;5:e1178–e1180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar