Advanced search
Publication Cover
Global Health Action Volume 11, 2018 - Issue sup2: BMI distribution across African communities: Africa Wits-INDEPTH Partnership for Genomic Studies (AWI-Gen)
Submit an article Journal homepage
3,544
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Study Design Article

Genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in Africa: methods used for Phase 1 of the AWI-Gen population cross-sectional study

Stuart A. AliSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-2896View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Cassandra SooSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-8065View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Godfred AgongoSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-5424View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Marianne AlbertsDepartment of Pathology and Medical Science, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South AfricaView further author information
,
Lucas Amenga-EtegoNavrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4468-0506View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Romuald P. BouaSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa;Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2665View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ananyo ChoudhurySydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-9531View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Nigel J. CrowtherDepartment of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1745View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Cornelius DepuurNavrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-5280View further author information
ORCID Icon,
F. Xavier Gómez-OlivéMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-0848View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Issa GuiraudClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-3898View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Tilahun N. HareguAfrican Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, KenyaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-0469View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Scott HazelhurstSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0581-149XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Kathleen KahnMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;INDEPTH Network, Accra, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-3931View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Christopher Khayeka-WandabwaAfrican Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, KenyaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9891-6046View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Catherine KyobutungiAfrican Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, KenyaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-5631View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Zané LombardSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-2616View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Felistas MashinyaDepartment of Pathology and Medical Science, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4132-7558View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Lisa MicklesfieldMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-0779View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Shukri F. MohamedAfrican Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, KenyaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-1943View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Freedom MukomanaSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-1379View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Seydou Nakanabo-DialloClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4616-7845View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Hamtandi M. NatamaClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-077XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Nicholas NgomiAfrican Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Engelbert A. NonterahSydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-6478View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Shane A. NorrisMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-3788View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Abraham R. OduroNavrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaView further author information
,
Athanase M. SoméClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoView further author information
,
Hermann SorghoClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-5152View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Paulina TindanaNavrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-2083View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Halidou TintoClinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina FasoORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4653-7041View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Stephen TollmanMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;INDEPTH Network, Accra, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-2616View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Rhian TwineMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-6556View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Alisha WadeMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-2523View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Osman SankohStatistics Sierra Leone, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone;Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences,University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone;School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;INDEPTH Network, Accra, GhanaORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-9808View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Michèle RamsaySydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South AfricaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-4801View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Article: 1507133 | Received 07 Jun 2018, Accepted 12 Jul 2018, Published online: 27 Sep 2018

References

  • Abrahams Z, McHiza Z, Steyn NP. Diet and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa: stages in the nutrition transition. BMC Public Health. 2011 Oct 13;11:4. PubMed PMID: 21995618; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3209469.
  • Amuna P, Zotor FB. Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: impact on human health and development. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 Feb;67:82–21. PubMed PMID: 18234135.
  • Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1971 Oct;49:509–538. PubMed PMID: 5155251.
  • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002 Dec;14(360):1903–1913. PubMed PMID: 12493255.
  • Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, et al. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants. Lancet. 2011 Feb;12(377):568–577. PubMed PMID: WOS:000287556700027.
  • N. C. D. Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389:37–55. PubMed PMID: 27863813; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5220163.
  • N. C. D. Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016 Apr 2;387:1377–1396. PubMed PMID: 27115820.
  • N. C. D. Risk Factor Collaboration - Africa Working Group. Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Oct 1;46:1421–1432. PubMed PMID: 28582528; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5837192.
  • G. B. D. Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388:1459–1544. PubMed PMID: 27733281; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5388903.
  • Santosa A, Byass P. Diverse empirical evidence on epidemiological transition in low- and middle-income countries: population-based findings from INDEPTH network data. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0155753. PubMed PMID: 27187781; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4871496.
  • The Lancet Global Health. Collaborating to ease Africa’s data drought. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5. DOI:10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30258-9
  • World Health Organization. Global Status Report on non-communicable diseases 2014. 2014:298.
  • International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. The Cape Town Manifesto – November 2015: A health start builds a bright future 2015 [2018 Jul 04]. Available from: https://dohadsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/DOHaD-Society-Manifesto-Nov-17-2015.pdf
  • Norris SA, Daar A, Balasubramanian D, et al. Understanding and acting on the developmental origins of health and disease in Africa would improve health across generations. Glob Health Action. 2017;10:1334985. PubMed PMID: 28715931; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5533158.
  • Agyepong IA, Sewankambo N, Binagwaho A, et al. The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the LancetCommission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet. 2017;390:2803–2859.
  • Atun R, Davies JI, Gale EAM, et al. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: from clinical care to health policy. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017;5:622–667.
  • H3 Africa Consortium, Rotimi C, Abayomi A, et al. Research capacity. Enabling the genomic revolution in Africa. Science. 2014 Jun 20; 344:1346–1348. PubMed PMID: 24948725; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4138491.
  • Ramsay M, Sankoh O. As members of the AWI-Gen study and the H3 Africa Consortium. African partnerships through the H3Africa Consortium bring a genomic dimension to longitudinal population studies on the continent. Int J Epidemiol. 2016 Apr;45:305–308. PubMed PMID: 26659658; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5841636.
  • Sankoh O, Byass P. The INDEPTH Network: filling vital gaps in global epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Jun;41:579–588. PubMed PMID: 22798690; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3396316.
  • Richter L, Norris S, Pettifor J, et al. Cohort Profile: mandela’s children: the 1990 Birth to Twenty study in South Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2007 Jun;36:504–511. PubMed PMID: 17355979; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2702039.
  • Soo CC, Mukomana F, Hazelhurst S, et al. Establishing an academic biobank in a resource-challenged environment. S Afr Med J. 2017 May;24(107):486–492. PubMed PMID: 28604319; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5954164.
  • Ramsay M, Crowther N, Tambo E, et al. H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre: a resource to study the interplay between genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in four sub-Saharan African countries. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2016;1:e20. PubMed PMID: 29276616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5732578.
  • Kahn K, Collinson MA, Gomez-Olive FX, et al. Profile: Agincourt health and socio-demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Aug;41:988–1001. PubMed PMID: 22933647; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3429877.
  • Alberts M, Dikotope SA, Choma SR, et al. Health & demographic surveillance system profile: the dikgale health and demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Oct;44:1565–1571. PubMed PMID: 26275454.
  • Beguy D, Elung’ata P, Mberu B, et al. Health & demographic surveillance system profile: the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS). Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Apr;44:462–471. PubMed PMID: 25596586.
  • Oduro AR, Wak G, Azongo D, et al. Profile of the navrongo health and demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Aug;41:968–976. PubMed PMID: 22933645.
  • Derra K, Rouamba E, Kazienga A, et al. Profile: nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Oct;41:1293–1301. PubMed PMID: 23045201.
  • Jaff NG, Snyman T, Norris SA, et al. Staging reproductive aging using stages of reproductive aging workshop + 10 in black urban African women in the study of women entering and in endocrine transition. Menopause. 2014 Nov;21:1225–1233. PubMed PMID: 24736199.
  • Ramsay M, De Vries J, Soodyall H, et al. Ethical issues in genomic research on the African continent: experiences and challenges to ethics review committees. Hum Genomics. 2014 Aug;21(8):15. PubMed PMID: 25145346; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4420849.
  • De Vries J, Tindana P, Littler K, et al. The H3Africa policy framework: negotiating fairness in genomics. Trends Genet. 2015 Mar;31:117–119. PubMed PMID: 25601285; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4471134.
  • Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42:377–381. PubMed PMID: 18929686; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2700030.
  • Klipin M, Mare I, Hazelhurst S, et al. The process of installing REDCap, a web based database supporting biomedical research: the first year. Appl Clin Inform. 2014;5:916–929. PubMed PMID: 25589907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4287671
  • Gomez-Olive FX, Montana L, Wagner RG, et al. Cohort profile: health and ageing in Africa: a longitudinal study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa (HAALSI). Int J Epidemiol. 2018 Jan 6. DOI:10.1093/ije/dyx247. PubMed PMID: 29325152; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6005147.
  • Perini TA, Oliveira G, Ornellas J, et al. Technical error of measurement in anthropometry [Technical error of measurement in anthropometry]. Revista Brasileira De Medicina Do Esporte. 2005;11:81–85.
  • Clark SJ, Gomez-Olive FX, Houle B, et al. Cardiometabolic disease risk and HIV status in rural South Africa: establishing a baseline. BMC Public Health. 2015 Feb 12;15:135. 10.1186/s12889-015-1467-1. PubMed PMID: 25885455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4335669.
  • Gomez-Olive FX, Thorogood M, Clark B, et al. Self-reported health and health care use in an ageing population in the Agincourt sub-district of rural South Africa. Glob Health Action. 2013 Jan;24(6):19305. PubMed PMID: 23364087; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3556700.
  • The Demograpic and Health Surveys Program. DHS wealth index construction [Web Page]. 2017 [ cited 2018 Jul 06]. Available from: http://www.dhsprogram.com/topics/wealth-index/Wealth-Index-Construction.cfm
  • Vyas S, Kumaranayake L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2006 Nov;21:459–468. PubMed PMID: 17030551.
  • Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the stages of reproductive aging workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Menopause. 2012 Apr;19:387–395. PubMed PMID: 22343510; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3340903.
  • World Health Organisation. WHO STEPs instrument (core and expanded): the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) version 2.1. Available from: http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS_Instrument_v2.1.pdf
  • Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J Phys Act Health. 2009 Nov;6:790–804. PubMed PMID: 20101923.
  • Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. Jama. 1984 Oct 12;252:1905–1907. PubMed PMID: 6471323.
  • World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/steps/manual/en/
  • World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance/Noncommunicable Diseases And Mental Health, World Health Organization. 2005 [ cited 2018 Jul 06]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43376/1/9241593830_eng.pdf
  • Andreotti G, Koutros S, Berndt SI, et al. The interaction between pesticide use and genetic variants involved in lipid metabolism on prostate cancer risk. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2012;2012:358076. PubMed PMID: 22919386; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3419400.
  • Mbonu NC, Van Den Borne B, De Vries NK. Stigma of people with HIV/AIDS in sub-saharan africa: a literature review. J Trop Med. 2009;2009:145891. PubMed PMID: 20309417; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2836916.
  • Stolk RP, Wink O, Zelissen PM, et al. Validity and reproducibility of ultrasonography for the measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Sep;25:1346–1351. PubMed PMID: 11571598.
  • De Lucia Rolfe E, Norris SA, Sleigh A, et al. Validation of ultrasound estimates of visceral fat in black South African adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Sep;19:1892–1897. PubMed PMID: 21738240.
  • Coll B, Feinstein SB. Carotid intima-media thickness measurements: techniques and clinical relevance. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Oct;10:444–450. PubMed PMID: 18706287.
  • Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004-2006). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd and 4th watching the risk symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23:75–80. PubMed PMID: 17108679.
  • Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004–2006–2011). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:290–296.
  • World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy 2010 [ cited 2018 Jul 06]. Available from: http://www.who.int/injection_safety/phleb_final_screen_ready.pdf
  • World Health Organization. Guidelines for the collection of clinical specimens during field investigation of outbreaks 2000 [ cited 2018 Jul 06]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_2000_4/en/
  • Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502.
  • Virani SS. Non-HDL cholesterol as a metric of good quality of care opportunities and challenges. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011 Apr;38:160–162. PubMed PMID: WOS:000289449200016.
  • Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Feb 11;16:1215. PubMed PMID: 3344216; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC334765.
  • Nakahori Y, Hamano K, Iwaya M, et al. Sex identification by polymerase chain reaction using X-Y homologous primer. Am J Med Genet. 1991 Jun;15(39):472–473. PubMed PMID: 1877627.
  • Spurdle AB, Shankman S, Ramsay M. XX true hermaphroditism in southern African blacks: exclusion of SRY sequences and uniparental disomy of the X chromosome. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Jan 2;55:53–56. PubMed PMID: 7702097.
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama. 2003 May;21(289):2560–2572. PubMed PMID: 12748199.
  • Gomez-Olive FX, Ali SA, Made F, et al. Regional and Sex differences in the prevalence and awareness of hypertension: an H3Africa AWI-gen study across 6 sites in Sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Heart. 2017 Jun;12:81–90. PubMed PMID: 28302553; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5967381.
  • World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: world Health Organization; 2000. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/
  • World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: Report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. 2011.
  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jan;36 Suppl 1:S11–66. PubMed PMID: 23264422; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3537269.
  • De Jong PE, Curhan GC. Screening, monitoring, and treatment of albuminuria: public health perspectives. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Aug;17:2120–2126. PubMed PMID: 16825331.
  • Klug EQ, Raal FJ, Marais AD, et al. South African dyslipidaemia guideline consensus statement. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa. 2014;17:155–165.
  • Munung NS, Marshall P, Campbell M, et al. Obtaining informed consent for genomics research in Africa: analysis of H3Africa consent documents. J Med Ethics. 2016 Feb;42:132–137. PubMed PMID: 26644426; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4752624.
  • Asiki G, Mohamed SF, Wambui D, et al. Sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with body mass index among men and women in Nairobi slums: AWI-Gen Project. Global Health Action. 2018;11:1470738. PubMed PMID: 29966508; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6032012.
  • Wagner RG, Afolabi S, Crowther NJ,et al. Sociodemographic and behavioural predictors of body mass index vary by sex in rural South African adults. Global Health Action. 2018;11.
  • Mashinya F, Alberts M, Cook I, et al. Determinants of body mass index by gender in Dikgale health and demographic surveillance system site, South Africa Global Health Action. under review. 2018;11.
  • Boua RP, Sorgho H, Rouamba T, et al. Gender differences in sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with BMI in an adult population in rural Burkina Faso - an AWI-Gen sub-study. Glob Health Action. 2018;11.
  • Nonterah EA, Depbuur C, Agongo A, et al. Sociodemographic and behavioural determinants of abnormal body mass index among an adult population in rural Northern Ghana: the AWI-Gen study Glob Health Action. 2018;11:1467588; PubMed PMID: 29992851; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6041816.
  • Micklesfield L, Kagura J, Munthali R, et al. Demographic, socio-economic and behavioral correlates of BMI in middle-aged black men and women from urban Johannesburg, South Africa. Glob Health Action. 2018;11:1448250; PubMed PMID: 30079826; PMCID: PMC6084500.
  • Mulder N, Abimiku A, Adebamowo SN, et al. H3Africa: current perspectives. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2018 Apr;10(11):59–66. PubMed PMID: 29692621; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5903476.
  • Tindana P, Bull S, Amenga-Etego L, et al. Seeking consent to genetic and genomic research in a rural Ghanaian setting: a qualitative study of the MalariaGEN experience. BMC Med Ethics. 2012 Jul;2(13):15. PubMed PMID: 22747883; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3441464.
  • Kass NE, Faden RR, Goodman SN, et al. The research-treatment distinction: a problematic approach for determining which activities should have ethical oversight. Hastings Cent Rep. 2013 Jan-Feb;43:S4–S15. PubMed PMID: WOS:000313714600002.
  • Nobile H, Vermeulen E, Thys K, et al. Why do participants enroll in population biobank studies? A systematic literature review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2013 Jan;13:35–47. PubMed PMID: 23256702.
  • Tindana P, De Vries J. Broad consent for genomic research and biobanking: perspectives from low- and middle-income countries. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2016 Aug 31;17:375–393. . PubMed PMID: 26905784.
  • Van Schalkwyk G, De Vries J, Moodley K. “It’s for a good cause, isn’t it?” - Exploring views of South African TB research participants on sample storage and re-use. BMC Med Ethics. 2012 Jul 25;13:19.. PubMed PMID: 22831568; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3444892.
  • UNAIDS. Burkina Faso 2016 [ cited 2018 Jul 04]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/burkinafaso
  • UNAIDS. Ghana 2016 [ cited 2018 Jul 04]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/ghana
  • National AIDS/STI Control Programme: Ghana Health Service - Ministry of Health - Accra Ghana. 2015 HIV sentinal survey report 2016 [ cited 2018 Jul 04]. Available from: www.ccmghana.net/index.php/surveys?download=113:hiv-sentinel-survey-2015
  • Wijmenga C, Zhernakova A. The importance of cohort studies in the post-GWAS era. Nat Genet. 2018 Mar;50:322–328. PubMed PMID: 29511284.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.