Constructing respectability from disfavoured social positions: exploring young femininities and health as shaped by marginalisation and social context. A qualitative study in Northern Sweden

References

• Hammarström A. Health consequences of youth unemployment–review from a gender perspective. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:10–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvoir S. The second sex. Parshley HM, translator; Harmondsworth: Penguin; 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Springer KW, Hankivsky O, Bates LM. Gender and health: relational, intersectional, and biosocial approaches. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74:1661–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annandale E. Women’s health and social change. London: Routledge; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Graham L. ‘I am a mother’: young women’s negotiation of femininity and risk in the transition to adulthood. Cult Health Sex. 2016;18:265–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell RW. Gender. Cambridge: Polity; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hoskin RA. Femme theory: refocusing the intersectional lens. Atlantis. 2017;38:95–109.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Morrell R. Sexuality and the limits of agency among South African teenage women: theorising femininities and their connections to HIV risk practises. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74:1729–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris A. Future girl: young women in the twenty-first century. New York (NY): Routledge; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wiklund M, Bengs C, Malmgren-Olsson EB, et al. Young women facing multiple and intersecting stressors of modernity, gender orders and youth. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1567–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie C, Hunt K, Macintyre S. Problematizing gender, work and health: the relationship between gender, occupational grade, working conditions and minor morbidity in full-time bank employees. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48:33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair KL, Hoskin RA. Contemporary understandings of femme identities and related experiences of discrimination. Psychol Sexuality. 2016;7:101–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkerdine V. Reclassifying Upward Mobility: femininity and the neo-liberal subject. Gend Educ. 2003;15:237–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarström A, Ripper M. What could a feminist perspective on power bring into public health? Scand J Public Health. 1999;27:286–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair KL, Hoskin RA. Experiences of femme identity: coming out, invisibility and femmephobia. Psychol Sexuality. 2015 Jul 03;6:229–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbado DW, Crenshaw KW, Mays VM, et al. Intersectionality: mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Rev. 2014;10:303–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deliovsky K. Normative white femininity: race, gender and the politics of beauty. Atlantis. 2008;33:49–59.
   Google Scholar
• Vives-Cases C, Eriksson M, Goicolea I, et al. Gender and health inequalities: intersections with other relevant axes of oppression. Glob Health Action. 2015;8. DOI:10.3402/gha.v8.30292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alex L, Fjellman Wiklund A, Lundman B, et al. Beyond a dichotomous view of the concepts of ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ focus group discussions among gender researchers at a medical faculty. PloS one. 2012;7:e50275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvist E, Overud J. From emancipation through employment to emancipation through entrepreneurship: an analysis of the special labor market initiatives (BRYT) and tax deduction for domestic services (RUT) in Sweden. Nord J Working Life. 2015;5:41–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarstrom A, Lundman B, Ahlgren C, et al. Health and masculinities shaped by agency within structures among young unemployed men in a Northern Swedish context. PloS one. 2015;10:e0124785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams GH. The determinants of health: structure, context and agency. Soc Health Illn. 2003;25:131–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Settersten RA Jr, Gannon L. Structure, agency, and the space between: on the challenges and contradictions of a blended view of the life course. Towards an interdisciplinary perspective on the life course. Oxford: Elsevier; 2005. p. 35–53.
   Google Scholar
• Connell R. Gender, health and theory: conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74:1675–1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove L. Crying out loud: understanding women’s emotional distress as both lived experience and social construction. Fem Psychol. 2000;10:247–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitz R, Kwan S. The politics of women’s bodies: sexuality, appearance, and behavior. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Skeggs B. Formations of class and gender: becoming respectable. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Moi T. What is a woman? And other essays. Oxford: University Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Aléx L, Hammarström A, Gustafson Y, et al. Constructions of various femininities among the oldest old women. Health Care Women Int. 2006;27:853–872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McRobbie A. The aftermath of feminism: gender, culture and social change. London: SAGE; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Aapola S, Gonick M, Harris A. Young femininity: girlhood, power and social change. New York (NY): Palgrave; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Harris A, editor. All about the girl: culture, power and identity. New York (NY): Routledge; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Renold E, Ringrose J. Regulation and rupture: mapping tween and teenage girls’ resistance ot the heterosexual matrix. Fem Theory. 2008;9:313–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringrose J, Renold E. Normative cruelties and gender deviants: the performative effects of bully discourses for girls and boys in school. Br Educ Res J. 2010;36:573–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker L. The future of femme: notes on femininity, aging and gender theory. Sexualities. 2012 Oct 01;15:795–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund M, Öhman A, Bengs C, et al. Living close to the edge: embodied dimensions of distress during emerging adulthood. Sage Open. 2014;4:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Connell R. Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Rich AC. Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence (1980). J Women Hist. 2003;15:11–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler J. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New ed. New York (NY): Routledge; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hoskin RA. Femme interventions and the proper feminist subject: critical approaches to decolonizing western feminist pedagogies. Cogent Soc Sci. 2017;3:1276819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl U, Sundén J. Femininity revisited. Eur J Women Stud. 2018;1:1350506818774742.
   Google Scholar
• Hatherley F. A working-class Anti-Pygmalion aesthetics of the female grotesque in the photographs of Richard Billingham. Eur J Women Stud. 2018. 1350506818764766. DOI:10.1177/1350506818764766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordo S. Unbearable weight: feminism, Western culture, and the body. 10th anniversary ed ed. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Bartky SL. Foucault, femininity, and the modernisation of patriarchal power. In: Weitz R, Kwan S, editors. The politics of women’s bodies: sexuality, appearance, and behavior. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson B, Lindholm M. Collective identities, women’s power resources, and the making of welfare states. Theory Soc. 1997;26:475–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgán E. Att ge sig själv makt: grupp 8 och 1970-talets feminism [in Swedish]. Göteborg: Makadam; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gougoulakis P, Christie M. Popular education in times of societal transformation—A Swedish perspective. Aust J Adult Learn. 2012;52:237–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgren L, Olofsson M, editors. Political outsiders in Swedish History, 1848-1932. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Ambjörnsson R. Den skötsamme arbetaren: idéer och ideal i ett norrländskt sågverkssamhälle 1880-1930. Stockholm: Carlssons; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Sohl L. Att veta sin klass. Kvinnors uppåtgående klassresor i Sverige [Knowing one’s class: women’s upward mobility in Sweden]. Stockholm: Uppsala (Sweden); 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hammarstrom A, Janlert U. Cohort profile: the northern Swedish cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1545–1552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Brömssen K, Olgaç CR. Intercultural education in Sweden through the lenses of the national minorities and of religious education. Intercultural Educ. 2010;21:121–135.
   Google Scholar
• The Swedish National Agency for Education. Statistik och utvärdering [Statistics and evaluation]. Stockholm: Skolverket. [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available at: www.skolverket.se.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson B, Lundgren AS. Logics of rurality: political rhetoric about the Swedish North. J Rural Stud. 2015;37:85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauhut D, Littke H. ‘A one way ticket to the city, please!’ on young women leaving the Swedish peripheral region Västernorrland. J Rural Stud. 2016;43:301–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. Youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) (indicator). 2018. doi:10.1787/72d1033a-en (Accessed on 14 September 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Taylor Y, Addison M. (Re)constituting the past, (re)branding the present and (re)imagining the future: women’s spatial negotiation of gender and class. J Youth Stud. 2009 Oct 01;12:563–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness [Review]. Nurse Educ Today. 2004 Feb;24:105–112. PubMed PMID: 14769454; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OpenCode 3.4 ©. UMDAC and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine at Umeå University. Sweden. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Thoits PA. Stress and health: major findings and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51:S41–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2011 Jun;52:145–161. PubMed PMID: 21673143; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvin-Nowak Y, Thomsson H. Motherhood as idea and practice: A discursive understanding of employed mothers in Sweden. Gend Soc. 2001;15:407–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015. Geneva (Switzerland). 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Elwér S, Aléx L, Hammarström A. Health against the odds: experiences of employees in elderly care from a gender perspective. Qual Health Res. 2010. DOI:10.1177/1049732310371624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppatz K. Respectability and the paid caring occupations: an empirical investigation of normality, morality, impression management, esteem in nursing and social work. Health Sociol Rev. 2010;19:73–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas K, Steimel SJ. Creating and responding to the gen(d)eralized other: women miners’ community-constructed identities. Women Stud Commun. 2009;32:320–347.
   Google Scholar
• Baker J. Great expectations and post‐feminist accountability: young women living up to the ‘successful girls’ discourse. Gend Educ. 2010;22:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen A, Lupton D. The new public health: health and self in the age of risk. London: Sage; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Ruuskanen M. The “good battered woman”. A silenced defendant. In: Nousiainen K, Gunnarsson Å, Lundström K, et al, editors. Responsible selves. Women in the Nordic legal culture. England: Ashgate Publishing Company Limited; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Wiklund M, Malmgren-Olsson E-B, Bengs C, et al. “He messed me up”: Swedish adolescent girls’ experiences of gender-related partner violence and its consequences over time. Violence Against Wom. 2010;16:207–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett RC, Marshall NL. Worker and mother roles, spillover effects, and psychological distress. Women Health. 1992;18:9–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepler D, Walsh M, Yuile A, et al. Bridging the gender gap: interventions with aggressive girls and their parents. Prev Sci. 2010;11:229–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsberg M, Jansen HAFM, Heise L, et al. Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. The Lancet. 2008;371:1165–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkerdine V. Reclassifying Upward Mobility: femininity and the neo-liberal subject. Gend Educ. 2003 Sep 01;15:237–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlström M. Young women in a male periphery — experiences from the Scandinavian north. J Rural Stud. 1996;12:259–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyal L. What makes women sick: gender and the political economy of health. London: Macmillan Press LTD; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Strömbäck M, Malmgren-Olsson E-B, Wiklund M. ‘Girls need to strengthen each other as a group’: experiences from a gender-sensitive stress management intervention by youth-friendly Swedish health services - a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, et al. Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. The Lancet. 2016;387:2423–2478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch J, Kaplan G. Socioeconomic position. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, editors. Social epidemiology. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlblom K, Herrara AR, Peña R, et al. Home alone: children as caretakers in León, Nicaragua. Child Soc. 2009;23:43–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhavan S, Bildt C, Wamala S. Work-related health factors for female immigrants in Sweden. Work. 2007;28:135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Panikkar B, Brugge D, Gute DM, et al. “They See Us As Machines:” the experience of recent immigrant women in the low wage informal labor sector. PloS one. 2015;10:e0142686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collishaw S. Annual research review: secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psych. 2015;56:370–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lager AC, Bremberg SG. Association between labour market trends and trends in young people’s mental health in ten European countries 1983-2005. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin J, O’Connor H. Continuity and change in the experiences of transition from school to work. Int J Lifelong Educ. 2007;26:555–572.
   Google Scholar