Distribution of advanced HIV disease from three high HIV prevalence settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: a secondary analysis data from three population-based cross-sectional surveys in Eshowe (South Africa), Ndhiwa (Kenya) and Chiradzulu (Malawi)

References

• UNAIDS. GLOBAL AIDS UPDATE. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ford N, Doherty M. The enduring challenge of advanced HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 20;377:283–12. PubMed PMID: 28723319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2018 fact sheet. 2018. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• May MT, Vehreschild JJ, Trickey A, et al. Mortality according to CD4 count at start of combination antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients followed for up to 15 years after start of treatment: collaborative cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Jun 15;62:1571–1577. PubMed PMID: 27025828; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4885653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biset Ayalew M. Mortality and its predictors among HIV infected patients taking antiretroviral treatment in ethiopia: a systematic review. AIDS Res Treat. 2017;2017:5415298. PubMed PMID: 29214077; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5682904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson GP, Ramchandani R, Miyahara S, et al. Risk factors for early mortality on antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2017 Oct 23;31:2217–2225. PubMed PMID: 28742529; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5633516. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeze S, Ondoa P, Kityo CM, et al. Suboptimal immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy with sustained HIV suppression in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2018 May 15;32:1043–1051. PubMed PMID: 29547445; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinsztejn B, Hosseinipour MC, Ribaudo HJ, et al. Effects of early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral treatment on clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infection: results from the phase 3 HPTN 052 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;14:281–290. PubMed PMID: 24602844; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4144040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group ISS, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373:795–807. PubMed PMID: 26192873; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4569751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Treat all: policy adoption and implementation status in countries. 2017. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258538/1/WHO-HIV-2017.35-eng.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. HIV estimates with uncertainty bounds 1990–2018. 2019. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2019/HIV_estimates_with_uncertainty_bounds_1990-present
   Google Scholar
• Gbd Hiv Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet HIV. 2016 Aug;3:e361–e387. PubMed PMID: 27470028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5056319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roser M, Ritchie H HIV/AIDS. 2018. Available from: OurWorldInData.org; ‘https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids’
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 Jul.
   Google Scholar
• Auld AF, Shiraishi RW, Oboho I, et al. Trends in prevalence of advanced HIV disease at antiretroviral therapy enrollment - 10 countries, 2004–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jun 2;66:558–563. PubMed PMID: 28570507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kop ML, Thabane L, Awiti PO, et al. Advanced HIV disease at presentation to care in Nairobi, Kenya: late diagnosis or delayed linkage to care?–a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 18;16:169. PubMed PMID: 27091128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4835937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huerga H, Van Cutsem G, Ben Farhat J, et al. Who needs to be targeted for HIV testing and treatment in KwaZulu-Natal? Results from a population-based survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Dec 01;73:411–418. PubMed PMID: 27243903; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5172512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman D, Chilima B, Masiku C, et al. Closer to 90-90-90. The cascade of care after 10 years of ART scale-up in rural Malawi: a population study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19:20673. PubMed PMID: 26894388; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4760102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman D, Zeh C, Mukui I, et al. Cascade of HIV care and population viral suppression in a high-burden region of Kenya. AIDS. 2015 Jul 31;29:1557–1565. PubMed PMID: 26244395; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4502986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chihana ML, Huerga H, Van Cutsem G, et al. Impact of “test and treat” recommendations on eligibility for antiretroviral treatment: cross sectional population survey data from three high HIV prevalence countries. PloS One. 2018;13:e0207656. PubMed PMID: 30475865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach.– 2010 revision. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Anderegg N, Kirk O; on behalf of IeDEA - Global Adults and COHERE. Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle- and high-income countries. 21st International Workshop on HIV and Hepatitis Observational Databases; Mar 30 - Apr 1 2017; Lisbon; 2017. Abstract 12.
   Google Scholar
• Gunda DW, Godfrey KG, Kilonzo SB, et al. Cytopenias among ART-naive patients with advanced HIV disease on enrolment to care and treatment services at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Malawi Med J. 2017 Mar;29:43–52. PubMed PMID: 28567196; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5442491. eng.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan AT, Long L, Useem J, et al. Mortality in the first 3 months on antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive adults in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Sep 1;73:1–10. PubMed PMID: 27513571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. On world AIDS day, UNAIDS warns that men are less likely to access HIV treatment and more likely to die of AIDS-related illnesses. 2017. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2017/december/20171201_blind_spot
   Google Scholar
• Cornell M, Cox V, Wilkinson L. Public health blindness towards men in HIV programmes in Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2015 Dec;20:1634–1635. PubMed PMID: 26325025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell M, Johnson LF, Wood R, et al. Twelve-year mortality in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017 Sep 25;20:21902. PubMed PMID: 28953328; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5640314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman D, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Subtil F, et al. Gender differences in immune reconstitution: a multicentric cohort analysis in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31078. PubMed PMID: 22363550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3281917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tymejczyk O, Brazier E, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Changes in rapid HIV treatment initiation after national “treat all” policy adoption in 6 sub-Saharan African countries: regression discontinuity analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Jun;16:e1002822. PubMed PMID: 31181056; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6557472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Barnabas RV, Celum C. Community-based strategies to strengthen men’s engagement in the HIV care cascade in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med. 2017 Apr;14:e1002262. PubMed PMID: 28399122; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5388461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim J, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, et al. Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 20;377:233–245. PubMed PMID: 28723333; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5603269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar