8,596
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Key challenges of health care workers in implementing the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) program: a scoping review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Article: 1732669 | Received 20 Nov 2019, Accepted 14 Feb 2020, Published online: 02 Mar 2020

References

  • Gove S. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. The WHO working group on guidelines for integrated management of the sick child. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75:7–12. Epub 1997/ 01/01.PubMed PMID: 9529714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2486995.
  • Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015;385:430–440. Epub 2014/ 10/05. PubMed PMID: 25280870.
  • Taffa N, Chepngeno G. Determinants of health care seeking for childhood illnesses in Nairobi slums. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10:240–245. Epub 2005/02/26. PubMed PMID: 15730508.
  • Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, et al. An evaluation of the quality of IMCI assessments among IMCI trained health workers in South Africa. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5937. Epub 2009/06/19. PubMed PMID: 19536288; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2693922.
  • Arifeen SE, Hoque DM, Akter T, et al. Effect of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy on childhood mortality and nutrition in a rural area in Bangladesh: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;374:393–403. Epub 2009/ 08/04. PubMed PMID: 19647607.
  • Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Adam T, Mshinda H, et al. Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania. Lancet. 2004;364:1583–1594. Epub 2004/ 11/03. PubMed PMID: 15519628.
  • Gera T, Shah D, Garner P, et al. Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;CD010123. Epub 2016/ 07/06. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010123.pub2. PubMed PMID: 27378094; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4943011.
  • WHO. Integrated management of childhood illnesses global survey report. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017.
  • Lambrechts T, Bryce J, Orinda V. Integrated management of childhood illness: a summary of first experiences. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77:582–594. Epub 1999/ 08/13.PubMed PMID: 10444882; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2557705.
  • El Arifeen S, Blum LS, Hoque DM, et al. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Bangladesh: early findings from a cluster-randomised study. Lancet. 2004;364:1595–1602. Epub 2004/ 11/03. PubMed PMID: 15519629.
  • UNICEF. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in the 21st century: a review of the scientific and programmatic evidence. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); 2016.
  • WHO. The analytic review of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2003.
  • Hansoti B, Jenson A, Keefe D, et al. Reliability and validity of pediatric triage tools evaluated in Low resource settings: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17 37. Epub 2017/01/27. PubMed PMID: 28122537; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5267450.
  • Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Holloway KA, et al. Does shortening the training on integrated management of childhood illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27:179–193. Epub 2011/ 04/26. PubMed PMID: 21515912.
  • Amaral J, Gouws E, Bryce J, et al. Effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on health worker performance in Northeast-Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2004;20:S209–19. Epub 2004/12/21. PubMed PMID: 15608935.
  • Nguyen DT, Leung KK, McIntyre L, et al. Does integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) training improve the skills of health workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66030. Epub 2013/ 06/19. PubMed PMID: 23776599; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3680429.
  • Masanja H, Schellenberg JA, de Savigny D, et al. Impact of integrated management of childhood illness on inequalities in child health in rural Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2005;20:i77–i84. Epub 2005/11/25. PubMed PMID: 16306073.
  • Jacobs M, Merson M. Introductory commentary: a strategic review of options for building on lessons learnt from IMCI and iCCM. BMJ. 2018;362:bmj k3013. Epub 2018/08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061381; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6081995 interests and declare no conflicts of interest.
  • Dalglish SL, Vogel JJ, Begkoyian G, et al. Future directions for reducing inequity and maximising impact of child health strategies. BMJ. 2018;362:k2684. Epub 2018/08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061111; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6283368 form. We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article, which does not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Sci Res Method. 2007;8:19–32.
  • Bryce J, Victora CG, Habicht JP, et al. Advisors M-IT. Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of integrated management of childhood illness. Health Policy Plan. 2005;20:i5–i17. Epub 2005/ 11/25. PubMed PMID: 16306070.
  • Institute TJB. Joanna Briggs institute reviewers’ manual: 2015 edition/supplement. South Australia: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2015.
  • Finfgeld-Connett D. Use of content analysis to conduct knowledge-building and theory-generating qualitative systematic reviews. Qual Res. 2013;14:341–352.
  • Pradhan NA, Rizvi N, Sami N, et al. Insight into implementation of facility-based integrated management of childhood illness strategy in a rural district of Sindh, Pakistan. Glob Health Action. 2013;6:20086. Epub 2013/07/09. PubMed PMID: 23830574; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3703511.
  • Pandya H, Slemming W, Saloojee H. Health system factors affecting implementation of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI): qualitative insights from a South African province. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33:171–182. Epub 2017/ 11/22. PubMed PMID: 29161375.
  • Basaleem HO, Amin RM. Integrated management of childhood illness in Lahej, Yemen: a qualitative analysis from the perspective of health providers. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17:101–108. Epub 2011/ 07/09.PubMed PMID: 21735943.
  • Huicho L, Davila M, Campos M, et al. Scaling up integrated management of childhood illness to the national level: achievements and challenges in Peru. Health Policy Plan. 2005;20:14–24. Epub 2005/ 02/04. PubMed PMID: 15689426.
  • Goga AE, Muhe LM. Global challenges with scale-up of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy: results of a multi-country survey. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:503. Epub 2011/ 06/29. PubMed PMID: 21708029; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3155839.
  • Nsabagasani X, Ogwal-Okeng J, Hansen EH, et al. ‘Better medicines for children’ within the integrated management of childhood illness framework: a qualitative inquiry in Uganda. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2016;9:22. Epub 2016/ 06/10. PubMed PMID: 27280024; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4897804.
  • Vhuromu EN, Davhana-Maselesele M. Experiences of primary health care nurses in implementing integrated management of childhood illnesses strategy at selected clinics of Limpopo Province. Curationis. 2009;32:60–71. Epub 2010/ 03/17. PubMed PMID: 20225745.
  • Seid SS, Sendo EG. A survey on integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness implementation by nurses in four districts of West Arsi zone of Ethiopia. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2018;9:1–7. Epub 2018/02/15. PubMed PMID: 29443325; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5804021.
  • Rowe AK, Onikpo F, Lama M, et al. The rise and fall of supervision in a project designed to strengthen supervision of integrated management of childhood illness in Benin. Health Policy Plan. 2010;25:125–134. Epub 2009/ 11/20. PubMed PMID: 19923206.
  • Mohan P, Kishore B, Singh S, et al. Assessment of implementation of integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness in India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29:629–638. Epub 2012/ 01/31. PubMed PMID: 22283037; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3259726.
  • Gerensea H, Kebede A, Baraki Z, et al. Consistency of Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) in shire governmental health institution in 2017. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11 476. Epub 2018/07/18. PubMed PMID: 30012196; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6048809.
  • Kruger C, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Ali M. Adherence to the integrated management of childhood illness guidelines in Namibia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda: evidence from the national service provision assessment surveys. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:822. Epub 2017/ 12/15. PubMed PMID: 29237494; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5729502.
  • Senn N, Rarau P, Salib M, et al. Use of antibiotics within the IMCI guidelines in outpatient settings in Papua New Guinean children: an observational and effectiveness study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90990. Epub 2014/ 03/15. PubMed PMID: 24626194; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3953204.
  • Febir LG, Baiden FE, Agula J, et al. Implementation of the integrated management of childhood illness with parasitological diagnosis of malaria in rural Ghana: health worker perceptions. Malar J. 2015;14:174. Epub 2015/ 04/23. PubMed PMID: 25899509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4430025.
  • Titaley CR, Jusril H, Ariawan I, et al. Challenges to the implementation of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) at community health centres in West Java province, Indonesia. WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2014;3:161–170. Epub 2014/ 04/01. PubMed PMID: 28607302.
  • Lange S, Mwisongo A, Maestad O. Why don’t clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)? Soc Sci Med. 2014;104:56–63. Epub 2014/ 03/04. PubMed PMID: 24581062.
  • Boschi-Pinto C, Labadie G, Dilip TR, et al. Global implementation survey of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): 20 years on. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e019079. Epub 2018/ 08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061428; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6067364.
  • WHO. Towards a grand convergence for child survival and health: a strategic review of options for the future building on lessons learnt from IMNCI. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2016.
  • Costello AM, Dalglish SL; Team obotSRS. Towards a grand convergence for child survival and health: astrategic review of options for the future building on lessons learnt from IMNCI. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2016.
  • Kiplagat A, Musto R, Mwizamholya D, et al. Factors influencing the implementation of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) by healthcare workers at public health centers & dispensaries in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:277. Epub 2014/ 03/29. PubMed PMID: 24666561; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3987128.
  • Arrivé E, Perez F, Pierre LM. The integrated management of childhood illness: Haiti’s example. Sante. 2004;14:137–142.
  • Costello A, Peterson S, Rasanathan K, et al. Where’s the leadership? Future commitments of Unicef and WHO for global child health. BMJ. 2018;362:k3219. Epub 2018/ 08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061193; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6064977 interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
  • Fick C. Twenty years of IMCI implementation in South Africa: accelerating impact for the next decade. Durban: Health System Trust; 2018.
  • Robertson SK, Manson K, Fioratou E. IMCI and ETAT integration at a primary healthcare facility in Malawi: a human factors approach. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:1014. Epub 2018/12/31. PubMed PMID: 30594185; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6310991.
  • Shipton L, Zahidie A, Rabbani F. Motivating and demotivating factors for community health workers engaged in maternal, newborn and child health programs in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2017;27:157–165. Epub 2017/ 04/14. PubMed PMID: 28406775.
  • Alhassan RK, Nketiah-Amponsah E. Frontline staff motivation levels and health care quality in rural and urban primary health facilities: a baseline study in the Greater Accra and Western regions of Ghana. Health Econ Rev. 2016;6:39. Epub 2016/09/02. PubMed PMID: 27580725; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5007234.
  • Grant C, Nawal D, Guntur SM, et al. ‘We pledge to improve the health of our entire community’: improving health worker motivation and performance in Bihar, India through teamwork, recognition, and non-financial incentives. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203265. Epub 2018/ 08/31. PubMed PMID: 30161213; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6117047.
  • Rudasingwa M, Uwizeye MR. Physicians’ and nurses’ attitudes towards performance-based financial incentives in Burundi: a qualitative study in the province of Gitega. Glob Health Action. 2017;10:1270813. Epub 2017/ 04/30. PubMed PMID: 28452651; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5328346.
  • Bhatnagar A, George AS. Motivating health workers up to a limit: partial effects of performance-based financing on working environments in Nigeria. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31:868–877. Epub 2016/ 03/08. PubMed PMID: 26946273.
  • WHO. Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010.
  • Rakha MA, Abdelmoneim AM, Farhoud S, et al. Does implementation of the IMCI strategy have an impact on child mortality? A retrospective analysis of routine data from Egypt. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e001852.
  • Leon N, Sanders D, Van Damme W, et al. The role of ‘hidden’ community volunteers in community-based health service delivery platforms: examples from sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Health Action. 2015;12:27214.
  • Theobald S, Brandes N, Gyapong M, et al. Implementation research: new imperatives and opportunities in global health. Lancet. 2018;392:2214–2228. Epub 2018/10/14. PubMed PMID: 30314860.
  • Peters DH, Adam T, Alonge O, et al. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it. BMJ. 2013;347:f6753. Epub 2013/ 11/22. PubMed PMID: 24259324.
  • Doherty T, Tran N, Sanders D, et al. Role of district health management teams in child health strategies. BMJ. 2018;362:k2823. Epub 2018/08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061110; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6063257 interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
  • Patel S, Zambruni JP, Palazuelos D, et al. Rethinking the scale up of integrated management of childhood illness. BMJ. 2018;362:k2993. Epub 2018/08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061095; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6064974 interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
  • Prost A, Sanders D, Costello A, et al. Strengthening the capabilities of families and communities to improve child health in low and middle income countries. BMJ. 2018;362:bmj k2649. Epub 2018/08/01. PubMed PMID: 30061185; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6081994 interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
  • Mushi HP, Mullei K, Macha J, et al. The challenges of achieving high training coverage for IMCI: case studies from Kenya and Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26:395–404. Epub 2010/ 11/05. PubMed PMID: 21047808; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3157918.
  • Mullei K, Wafula F, Goodman C. A case study of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) implementation in Kenya. Nairobi (Kenya): Kenya Medical Research Institute; 2008. CREHS, Consortium for Research on Equitable Health Systems.