Prevention of antibiotic resistance – an epidemiological scoping review to identify research categories and knowledge gaps

References

• Smith A, M’ikanatha NM, Read AF. Antibiotic resistance: a primer and call to action. Health Commun. 2015;30:1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron WP, Mousa SA. Prevention strategies for antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of the literature. Infect Drug Resist. 2010;3:25–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricciardi W, Giubbini G, Laurenti P. Surveillance and control of antibiotic resistance in the Mediterranean region. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2016;8:2016036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asokan GV, Asokan V. Bradford Hill’s criteria, emerging zoonoses, and one health. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016;6:125–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Puyvelde S, Deborggraeve S, Jacobs J. Why the antibiotic resistance crisis requires a one health approach. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:132–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Combating antimicrobial resistance: a one health approach to a global threat: proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Harbarth S, Balkhy HH, Goosens H, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: one world, one fight! Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4. DOI:10.1186/s13756-015-0091-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, et al. Antibiotic resistance is the quintessential one health issue. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016;110:377–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kmietowicz Z. New antibiotics: NHS will test “pay for usefulness” model to stimulate research. BMJ. 2019;366:l4610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill J Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. The review on antimicrobial resistance. Wellcome Trust. HM Government, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Poulakou G, Ruppe E, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in the next 30 years, humankind, bugs and drugs: a visionary approach. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1464–1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Smith R, Coast J. The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ. 2013;346. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f1493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal J, Conly J, Henderson EA, et al. How externalities impact an evaluation of strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in health care organizations. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6:53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daulaire N, Bang A, Tomson G, et al. Universal access to effective antibiotics is essential for tackling antibiotic resistance. J Med Law Ethics. 2015;43:17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie R, Zhang XD, Zhao Q, et al. Analysis of global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infections disclosed a faster increase in OECD countries. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018;7:31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee JT, Heginbothom ML, Mason BW. Finding a strategy: the case for co-operative research on resistance epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:628–633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadimpalli M, Delarocque-Astagneau E, Love DC, et al. Combating global antibiotic resistance: emerging one health concerns in lower- and middle-income countries. Clinl Infect Dis. 2018;66:963–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson LA. Understanding and overcoming antibiotic resistance. PLoS Biol. 2017;23:2003775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather IA, Byung-Chun K, Bajpai VK, et al. Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: crisis, current challenges, and prevention. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2017;24. DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergison A, Dagan R, Arguedas A, et al. Otitis media and its consequences: beyond the earache. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy C, Pereira M, Guedj R, et al. Impact of 2011 French guidelines on antibiotic prescription for acute otitis media in infants. Me´decine Et Maladies Infectieuses. 2014;44:102–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daw MA, Drah AM. Antibiotic resistance: prospects for the new millennium. J Chemother. 2001;13:587–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaygısız Ü, Lajunen T, Gaygısız E. Socio-economic factors, cultural values, national personality and antibiotics use: a cross-cultural study among European countries. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10:755–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnerstrand B, Lapuente V. Corruption and use of antibiotics in regions of Europe. Health Policy. 2017;121:250–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon P, Beggs JJ, Walsh TR, et al. Anthropological and socioeconomic factors contributing to global antimicrobial resistance: a univariate and multivariable analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2:398–405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masiero G, Filippini M, Ferech M. Socioeconomic determinants of outpatient antibiotic use in Europe. Int J Public Health. 2010;55:469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangcharoensathien V, Chanvatik S, Sommanustweechai A. Complex determinants of inappropriate use of antibiotics. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng D, Wang X, Xu Y, et al. Antibiotic misuse among university students in developed and less developed regions of China: a cross-sectional survey. Glob Health Action. 2018;11:1496973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zou G, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory infections among children in rural China: a cross-sectional study of outpatient prescriptions. Glob Health Action. 2017;10:1287334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekwochi U, Chinawa JM, Osuorah CDI, et al. The use of unprescribed antibiotics in management of upper respiratory tract infection in children in Enugu, South East Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2014;60:249–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham WJ, Morrison E, Dancer S, et al. What are the threats from antimicrobial resistance for maternity units in low- and middle- income countries? Glob Health Action. 2016;9:33381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulscher MEJL, Grol RPTM, van der Meer JWM, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quizhpe A, Encalada D, Encalada L, et al. Antibiotic use without prescription in Ecuadorian children according to their families’ socioeconomic characteristics. Méd.Uis. 2017;30:21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Chopra VS, Kour G. Use of antibiotics for respiratory illnesses in rural India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2009;3:1557–1561.
   Google Scholar
• Harbarth S, Albrich W, Brun-Buisson C. Outpatient antibiotic use and prevalence of antibiotic- resistant pneumococci in France and Germany: a sociocultural perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:1460–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masterton R. The importance and future of antimicrobial surveillance studies. Clinl Infect Dis. 2008;47:S21–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2014. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: ECDC; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Cassini A, Diaz Högberg L, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E, Pezzani MD. Public health burden of antimicrobial resistance in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:4–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kraker ME, Stewardson AJ, Harbarth J. Will 10 Million people die a year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050? PLoS Med. 2016;13:1002184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2016-2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World health Organization. Antibiotic resistance: multi-country public awareness survey. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E, Peschel A, Autenrieth IB. Translational research strategy: an essential approach to fight the spread of antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2889–2891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanberger H, Nilsson LE. Hög antibiotikaresiatens inom svensl intensivvård. Läkartidningen. 1997;94:2381–2386.
   Google Scholar
• Swedres-Svarm 2018. Consumption of antibiotics and occurrence of resistance in Sweden. Solna/Uppsala; 1650–6332.
   Google Scholar
• Mölstad S, Löfmark S, Carlin K, et al. Lessons learnt during 20 years of the Swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95:764–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S, Prioux M, Fasth T, et al. A microsimulation model projecting the health care costs for resistance to antibacterial drugs in Sweden. Eur J Public Health. 2018;29:392–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Framtida kostnader för antibiotikaresistens. Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ritterman JB. Preventing antibiotic resistance: the next step. Permanent J. 2006;10:35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Collignon P. Antibiotic resistance: are we all doomed? Intern Med J. 2015;45:1109–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. Pulling together to beat superbugs: knowledge and implementation gaps in addressing antimicrobial resistance. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lam TJGM, Jansen J, Wessels RJ. The RESET mindset model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Ir Vet J. 2017;70:5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boeckel TP, Pires J, Silvester R, et al. Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries. Science. 2019;365:1266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsin M, Van Boeckel TP, Saleemi MK, et al. Excessive use of medically important antimicrobials in food animals in Pakistan: a five- year surveillance survey. Glob Health Action. 2019;12:sup1,1697541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore CE. Changes in antibiotic resistance in animals - Surveys in low- and middle-income countries reveal emerging hotspots of resistance. Science. 2019;365:6459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson JDG, Andremont A, Bengtsson-Palme J, et al. Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. Environ Int. 2018;117:132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Wertheim HFL, Chuc NTK, Punpuing S. Community-level antibiotic access and use (ABACUS) in low- and middle-income countries: finding targets for social interventions to improve appropriate antimicrobial use – an observational multi-centre study. Wellcome Open Res. 2017;2:58.
   Google Scholar
• When the drugs don´t work - antibiotic resistance as a global development problem. Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation & ReAct. Uppsala, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Jasovsky D, Littman J, Zorset A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance - a threat to the world’s sustainable development. Ups J Med Sci. 2016;121:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No time to wait: Securing the Future from Drug-Resistant Infections. Report to the secretary-general of the United Nations. Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. New York, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Dantas G, Sommer MOA. How to fight back against antibiotic resistance. Am Sci. 2014;102:42–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes AH, Moore LSP, Sundsfjord A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387:176–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen PJ, Townsend JP, Böhn T, et al. Factors affecting the reversal of antimicrobial-drug resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:357–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemot D, Courvalin P, and the French Working Party to Promote Research to Control Bacterial Resistance. Better control of antibiotic resistance. CID. 2001;33:542–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Fan A. Antimicrobial resistance within host: a population dynamics view. Abstr Appl Anal. 2014;173952:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Smith T, Philmon CL, Johnson GD, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in a community hospital: attacking the more difficult problems. Hosp Pharm. 2014;49:839–846.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitch M, Samore MH. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: a population perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryee A, Price N. Antimicrobial stewardship – can we afford to do without it? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;79:173–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyar OJ, Huttner B, Schouten J, et al. What is antimicrobial stewardship? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23:793–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertollo LG, Lutkemeyer DS, Levin AS. Are antimicrobial nstewardship programs effective strategies for preventing antibiotic resistance? A systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46:824–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijck C, Vlieghe E, Cox JA. Antibiotic stewardship interventions in hospitals in low-and middle- income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96:266–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James R, Luu S, Avent M, et al. A mixed methods study of the barriers and enablers in implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Australian regional and rural hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2665–2670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberjé EJM, Tanke MAC, Jeurissen PPT. Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives throughout Europe: proven value for money. Infect Dis Rep. 2017;9:6800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance: progress report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and European Commission, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough AR, Rathbone J, Parekh S, et al. Not in my backyard: a systematic review of clinicians’ knowledge and beliefs about antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2465–2473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira NR, Castro-Sanchez E, Nathwani D. How can multi-professional education support better stewardship? Infect Dis Rep. 2017;9:6917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piacenti FJ, Leuthner KD. Antimicrobial stewardship and clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea. J Pharm Pract. 2013;26:506–513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:990–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principi N, Esposito S. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty CAM. European Antibiotic Awareness Day 2012: general practitioners encouraged to target antibiotics through guidance, education and tools. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2543–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires D, de Kraker MEA, Tartari E, et al. ‘Fight Antibiotic Resistance—It’s in Your Hands’: call from the World Health Organization for 5th May 2017. Clinl Infect Dis. 2017;64:1780–1783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JA, Vlieghe E, Mendelson M, et al. Antibiotic stewardship in low- and middle-income countries: the same but different? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23:812–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould IM, Lawes T. Antibiotic stewardship: prescribing social norms. Lancet (Editorial). NICE antimicrobial. 2016;387:1699–1701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editorial. NICE antimicrobial stewardship: right drug, dose, and time? Lancet. 2015;386:717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallsworth M, Sallis Chadborn T. Provision of social norm feedback to high prescribers of antibiotics in general practice: a pragmatic national randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1743–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines - Containing antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World health Organization;2005.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Birgand G, Castro-Sanchez E, Hansen S, et al. Comparison of governance approaches for the control of antimicrobial resistance: analysis of three European countries. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dar OA, Hasan R, Schlundt J, et al. Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance. Lancet. 2016;387:285–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover RE, Manton J, Willcox S, et al. Subscription model for antibiotic development -An unlikely answer to the global crisis in antibiotic resistance. BMJ. 2019;366:l5364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance - the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenskt arbete mot antibiotikaresistens. Verktyg, arbetssätt och erfarenheter. Folkhälsomyndigheten, Stockholm, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Northern GLASS - Sharing experiences from a collaborative project on early implementation of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) in the Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being. Public Health Agency of Sweden, April 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Reviderad tvärsektoriell handlingsplan mot antibiotikaresistens 2018–2020 – underlag för samverkansgruppens fortsatta arbete. Jordbruksverket och Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Svensk strategi för arbetet mot antibiotikaresistens. Regeringskansliet, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kakkar M, Chatterjee P, Chauhan AS, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia: time to ask the right questions. Glob Health Action. 2018;11:1483637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World health Organization. WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Knobler S (Ed.). Resistance Phenomenon in microbes and infectious disease vectors: implications for human health and strategies for containment: workshop summary, National Academies Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Brogan DM, Mossialos E. A critical analysis of the review on antimicrobial resistance report and the infectious disease financing facility. Global Health. 2016;12:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemming the superbug tide: just a few dollars more; OECD, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73:305–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinsley KJ, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Cardo DM; The CDC Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance Team. Assessing motivation for physicians to prevent antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized children using the Health Belief Model as a framework. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush-Knapp ME, Brinsley-Rainisch KJ, Lawton-Ciccarone RM. Spreading the word, not the infection: reaching hospitalists about the prevention of antimicrobial resistance. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35:656–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giblin TB, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Harris PL, et al. Clinicians’ Perceptions of the problem of antimicrobial resistance in health care facilities. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1662–1668.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plejdrup Hansen M, Hoffman T, McCullough AR, et al. Antibiotic resistance: what are the opportunities for primary care in alleviating the crisis? Front Public Health. 2015;24:35.
   Google Scholar
• Dolk FCK, Pouwels KB, Smith DRM, et al. Antibiotics in primary care in England: which antibiotics are prescribed and for which conditions? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:ii2–ii10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels KB, Dolk FCK, Smith DRM, et al. Actual versus ‘ideal’ antibiotic prescribing for common conditions in English primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:ii19–ii26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels KB, Dolk FCK, Smith DRM, et al. Explaining variation in antibiotic prescribing between general practices in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:ii27–ii35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costelloe C, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, et al. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;340:2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff B. Impact of antibiotic restrictions: the patient’s perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche M, Bornet C, Monges P, et al. Misuse of antibiotics reserved for hospital settings in outpatients: a prospective clinical audit in a university hospital in Southern France. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48:96–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bro T. Rekommendationer följs inte vid okomplicerad konjunktivit. Tillståndet behandlas ofta med topikala antibiotika i strid med aktuell kunskap. Läkartidningen. 2018;115:FDPX.
   Google Scholar
• Kollef MH, Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:298–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH. Bench-to-bedside review: antimicrobial utilization strategies aimed at preventing the emergence of bacterial resistance in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2005;9:459–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH. Is antibiotic cycling the answer to preventing the emergence of bacterial resistance in the intensive care unit? Clinl Infect Dis. 2006;43:S82–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duijn PJ, Verbrugghe W, Jorens PG, et al. The effects of antibiotic cycling and mixing on antibiotic resistance in intensive care units: a cluster-randomised crossover trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:401–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocan M, Obuku EA, Bwanga F, et al. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough AR, Parekh S, Rathbone J, et al. A systematic review of the public’s knowledge and beliefs about antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoa NQ, Lan PT, Phuc HD, et al. Antibiotic prescribing and dispensing for acute respiratory infections in children: effectiveness of a multi-faceted intervention for health-care providers in Vietnam. Glob Health Action. 2017;10:1327638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantele A. A call to restrict prescribing antibiotics for travellers’ diarrhea - Travel medicine practitioners can play an active role in preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13:213–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH, Micek ST. Strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garau J. Impact of antibiotic restrictions: the ethical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littmann J, Buyx A, Cars O. Antibiotic resistance: an ethical challenge. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46:359–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou AF, Yano EM, McCoy KD. Structural and process factors affecting the implementation of antimicrobial resistance prevention and control strategies in U.S. hospitals. Health Care Manage Rev. 2008;33:308–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquero F, Coque TM, Cantón R. Counteracting antibiotic resistance: breaking barriers among antibacterial strategies. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014;18:851–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando SA, Gray TJ, Gottlieb T. Healthcare-acquired infections: prevention strategies. Intern Med J. 2017;47:1341–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilad J, Moran L, Schlaeffer F, et al. Antibiotic drug advertising in medical journals. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37:910–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY. Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective. Front.Microbiol. 2016;7:1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antibiotic resistance: multy-country public awareness survey. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gualano MR, Gili R, Scaioli G, et al. General population’s knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015;24:2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardas P, Devine S, Golembesky A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of misuse of antibiotic therapies in the community. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:106–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson M. Report on personality and adherence to antibiotic therapy: a population-based study. BMC Psychol. 2013;1:24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivanovska V, Zdravkovska M, Bosevska G, et al. Antibiotics for upper respiratory infections: public knowledge, beliefs and self-medication in the republic of Macedonia. Contributions. 2013;34:59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Santimano NML, Foxcroft DR. Poor health knowledge and behaviour is a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistance: survey of higher secondary school students in Goa, India. Perspect Public Health. 2017;137:109–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo KC, Tamhankar AJ, Johansson E, et al. Community perceptions of infectious diseases, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in context of environmental changes: a study in Odisha, India. Health Expectations. 2012;17:651–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins JA, Wagner F, Gómez-Olivé FX et al. Rural South African Community perceptions of antibiotic access and use: qualitative evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system site. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:1378–1390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farha RA, Suyagh M, Alsakran L, et al. Parental views of antibiotic use in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Jordan. Trop J Pharm Res. 2016;15:2009–2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad AI, Aboud EA. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use among the public in Kuwait. PLoS One. 2015;10:0117910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salm F, Ernsting C, Kuhlmey A, et al. Antibiotic use, knowledge and health literacy among the general population in Berlin, Germany and its surrounding rural areas. PLoS One. 2018;13:0193336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• André M, Vernby Å, Berg J, et al. A survey of public knowledge and awareness related to antibiotic use and resistance in Sweden. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1292–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallin M, Polyzoi M, Marrone G, et al. Knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance - a latent class analysis of a Swedish population-based sample. PLoS One. 2016;11:0152160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund S, Fagerberg I, Örtqvist Å, et al. Knowledge and understanding of antibiotic resistance and the risk of becoming a carrier when travelling abroad: A qualitative study of Swedish travellers. Scand J Public Health. 2015;43:302–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wun YT, Lam TP, Lam KF, et al. The public’s perspectives on antibiotic resistance and abuse among Chinese in Hong Kong. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22:241–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnerstrand B, Andersson Sundell K. Trust, reciprocity and collective action to fight antibiotic resistance. An experimental approach. Soc Sci Med. 2015;142:249–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinsley KJ, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Cardo DM. The CDC campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance team. an assessment of issues surrounding implementation of the campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:402–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyar OJ, Pulcini C, Howard P, et al. European medical students: a first multicentre study of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:842–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seid MA, Hussen MS. Knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial resistance among final year undergraduate paramedical students at University of Gondar, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson A, Tennant I, White L, et al. The knowledge, attitudes and practices of doctors regarding antibiotic resistance at a tertiary care institution in the Caribbean. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson M, Chandler C. Knowing antimicrobial resistance in practice: A multi-country study with human and animal healthcare professionals. Glob Health Action. 2019;12:1599560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo KC, Tamhankar AJ. Johansson E et.al. Antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in Orissa, India. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahnassi A. A qualitative analysis of pharmacists’ attitudes and practices regarding the sale of antibiotics without prescription in Syria. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2015;10:227–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante KP, Boamah EA, Abdulai MA, et al. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana; a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vad påverkar allmänläkare vid förskrivning av antibiotika? Resultat från två beteendevetenskapliga studier. Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• García-Quintanilla M, Pulido MR, Carretero-Ledesma M. Vaccines for antibiotic-resistant bacteria: possibility or pipe dream? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016;37:143–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojala V, Laitalainen J, Jalasvuori M. Fight evolution with evolution: plasmid-dependent phages with a wide host range prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Evol Appl. 2013;6:925–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol D, Jeavons P, Fletcher AG, et al. Steering evolution with sequential therapy to prevent the emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11:1004493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaplewski L, Bax R, Clokie M, et al. Alternatives to antibiotics - a pipeline portfolio review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:239–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng M, Zhang R, Tian X, et al. Assessing the risk of probiotic dietary supplements in the context of antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedin K. Probiotika – lösningen på Antibiotikarelaterad problematik? Independent project in biology. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew MM, Johnson JK, Harris AD. The human microbiota: novel targets for hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic resistance. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26:342–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoder M, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and delivery strategies to prevent its emergence. J.Drug.Del.Sci.Tech. 2010;20:407–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods. 2019;8:92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm AH. Probiotics in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a literature review. Urological Nurs. 2015;35:18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Jose NM, Bunt CR, Hussain MA. Implications of antibiotic resistance in probiotics. Food Rev Int. 2015;31:52–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukic J, Chen V, Strahinic I, et al. Probiotics or pro-healers: the role of beneficial bacteria in tissue repair. Wound Rep Reg. 2017;25:912–922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand AC, Forssten S, Hibberd AA, et al. Probiotic approach to prevent antibiotic resistance. Ann Med. 2016;48:246–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg JZ, Lytvyn L, Steurich J, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;12: CD004827.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston BC, Ma SSY, Goldenberg JZ. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:878–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. Art.No.CD006095. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti E, Indrio F, Pavone L, et al. Role of probiotics in pediatric patients with helicobacter pylori infection: a comprehensive review of the literature. Helicobacter. 2010;15:79–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodsworth MH, Hayden MK, Young VB, et al. The role of fecal microbiota transplantation in reducing intestinal colonization with antibiotic-resistant organisms: the current landscape and future directions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:UNSPofz288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhanom Ghebreyesus T. Making AMR history: a call to action. Glob Health Action. 2019;12:1638144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar