6,307
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Knowledge, use (misuse) and perceptions of over-the-counter analgesics in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 1955476 | Received 22 Feb 2021, Accepted 11 Jul 2021, Published online: 23 Aug 2021

References

  • Wilinski J, Lechowicz M, Kameczura T, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol in self-therapy of various disorders in students of different fields of study. Folia Med Cracov. 2015;55 49–14. Epub 2016/ 02/04. PubMed PMID: 26839243.
  • Kontogiorgis C, Nena E, Berberoglou E, et al. Estimating consumers’ knowledge and attitudes towards over-the-counter analgesic medication in Greece in the years of financial crisis: the case of paracetamol. Pain Ther. 2016;5:19–28. Epub 12/22. PubMed PMID: 26696539.
  • Stosic R, Dunagan F, Palmer H, et al. Responsible self-medication: perceived risks and benefits of over-the-counter analgesic use. Int J Pharm Pract. 2011;19:236–245. Epub 2011/ 07/08. PubMed PMID: 21733011.
  • Koffeman AR, Valkhoff VE, Celik S, et al. High-risk use of over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a population-based cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64:e191–8. Epub 2014/ 04/02. PubMed PMID: 24686883; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3964463.
  • Ocan M, Bwanga F, Bbosa GS, et al. Patterns and predictors of self-medication in northern Uganda. PloS One. 2014;9:e92323–e. PubMed PMID: 24658124.
  • Eticha T, Mesfin K. Self-medication practices in Mekelle, Ethiopia. PloS One. 2014;9:e97464–e. PubMed PMID: 24820769.
  • Ayalew MB. Self-medication practice in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:401–413. Epub 2017/ 03/11. PubMed PMID: 28280312; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc5338978.
  • Niwandinda F, Lukyamuzi EJ, Ainebyona C, et al. Patterns and practices of self-medication among students enrolled at Mbarara University of Science and Technology in Uganda. Integrat Pharm Res Pract. 2020;9:41–48. PubMed PMID: 32104665.
  • Shafie M, Eyasu M. Prevalence and determinants of self-medication practice among selected households in Addis Ababa community. Plos One. 2018;13:e0194122. PubMed PMID: 29579074.
  • Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming GF. Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Saf. 2001;24:1027–1037. Epub 2001/ 12/12. PubMed PMID: 11735659.
  • Ruiz ME. Risks of self-medication practices. Curr Drug Saf. 2010;5:315–323. Epub 2010/ 07/10. PubMed PMID: 20615179.
  • Amaha MH, Alemu BM, Atomsa GE. Self-medication practice and associated factors among adult community members of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia. PloS One. 2019;14:e0218772–e. PubMed PMID: 31251745.
  • World Health Organisation. Self care for health. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205887. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2014.
  • Lawan UM, Abubakar IS, Jibo AM, et al. Pattern, awareness and perceptions of health hazards associated with self medication among adult residents of Kano metropolis, northwestern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2013;38(3):144-51. Epub 2013/ 09/11. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.116350. PubMed PMID: 24019599; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCmc3760322.
  • Babatunde OA, Fadare JO, Ojo OJ, et al. Self-medication among health workers in a tertiary institution in South-West Nigeria. PanAfrican Medical Journal. 2016;24:312. Epub 2017/ 02/06. doi: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.24.312.8146. PubMed PMID: 28154667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc5267862.
  • Alshogran OY, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, et al. Patterns of self-medication among medical and nonmedical University students in Jordan. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2018;11:169-76. Epub 2018/ 09/27. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s170181. PubMed PMID: 30254501; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc6143637.
  • Abdi A, Faraji A, Dehghan F, et al. Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah, Iran. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2018;19(1):36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4. PubMed PMID: 29970167.
  • Ahmed SM, Sundby J, Aragaw YA, et al. Self-Medication and Safety Profile of Medicines Used among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Jimma, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11):3993. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113993. PubMed PMID: 32512804.
  • Pfaffenbach G, Tourinho F, Bucaretchi F. Self-medication among children and adolescents. Current Drug Safety. 2010;5(4):324–8. Epub 2010/ 07/10. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/157488610792246028. PubMed PMID: 20615182.
  • Shehnaz SI, Agarwal AK, Khan N. A systematic review of self-medication practices among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2014;55(4):467–83.
  • Fereidouni Z, Kameli Morandini M, Najafi Kalyani M. Experiences of self-medication among people: a qualitative meta-synthesis. Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2019;27(1):83–9. Epub 01/24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-019-00244-9. PubMed PMID: 30680607.
  • Cooper RJ. Over-the-counter medicine abuse - a review of the literature. Journal of Substance Use. 2013;18(2):82–107. Epub 2013/ 03/26. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.615002. PubMed PMID: 23525509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3603170.
  • Gafos M, Mzimela M, Sukazi S, et al. Intravaginal insertion in KwaZulu-Natal: sexual practices and preferences in the context of microbicide gel use. Culture, health & sexuality. 2010;12(8):929–942.
  • Miiro G, Rutakumwa R, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, et al. Menstrual health and school absenteeism among adolescent girls in Uganda (MENISCUS): a feasibility study. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1): 4. Epub 2018/ 01/05. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0502-z. PubMed PMID: 29298699; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5753466.
  • Peters MDJ, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, et al. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implementation. 2015;13(3):141–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000050. PubMed PMID: 01787381-201509000-00005.
  • Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, et al. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018;18(1):143. Epub 2018/ 11/21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x. PubMed PMID: 30453902; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc6245623.
  • Tricco AC, Antony J, Zarin W, et al. A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Medicine. 2015;13:224. Epub 2015/ 09/18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0465-6. \.
  • Afolabi BM, Brieger WR, Salako LA. Management of childhood febrile illness prior to clinic attendance in urban Nigeria. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition. 2004;22(1):46–51. Epub 2004/ 06/12. PubMed PMID: 15190811.
  • Yusuff KB, Omarusehe LD. Determinants of self medication practices among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2011;33(5):868–875. Epub 2011/ 09/02. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-011-9556-4. PubMed PMID: 21881933.
  • Adelekan ML. Self-reported drug use among secondary school students in the Nigerian state of Ogun. Bulletin on Narcotics. 1989; 41 (1–2): 109–116. Epub 1989/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 2765717.
  • Abasiubong F, Bassey EA, Udobang JA, et al. Self-Medication: potential risks and hazards among pregnant women in Uyo, Nigeria. PanAfrican Medical Journal. 2012;13:15. Epub 2013/ 01/12. PubMed PMID: 23308320; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3527026.
  • Enato EF, Sounyo AA, Einarson TR. Medication utilization and illness management study in Nigeria. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2011; 45 (7-8): 924-930. Epub 2011/ 06/30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1Q051. PubMed PMID: 21712507.
  • Nwankwo TO, Aniebue UU, Aniebue PN. Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent School Girls in Enugu, Nigeria. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2010;23(6):358–363. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2010.04.001.
  • Bello FA, Morhason-Bello IO, Olayemi O, et al. Patterns and predictors of self-medication amongst antenatal clients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal. 2011;52(3):153-157. Epub 2011/ 11/16. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.86124. PubMed PMID: 22083501; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3213744.
  • Oshodi OY, Aina OF, Onajole AT. Substance use among secondary school students in an urban setting in Nigeria: prevalence and associated factors. African Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;13(1):52-57. Epub 2010/ 04/30. doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v13i1.53430. PubMed PMID: 20428599.
  • Esan DT, Fasoro AA, Odesanya OE, et al. Assessment of Self-Medication Practices and Its Associated Factors among Undergraduates of a Private University in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2018;2018:5439079-. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5439079. PubMed PMID: 30671097.
  • Obu HA, Chinawa JM, Ubesie AC, et al. Paracetamol use (and/or misuse) in children in Enugu, South-East, Nigeria. BMC Pediatrics. 2012;12:103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-103. PubMed PMID: 22812400.
  • Omolase CO, Adeleke OE, Afolabi AO, et al. Self medication amongst general outpatients in a nigerian community hospital. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine. 2007;5(2):64-67. Epub 2007/ 12/01. doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/aipm.v5i2.64032. PubMed PMID: 25161435; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc4110989.
  • Amberbir A, Medhin G, Hanlon C, et al. Frequent use of paracetamol and risk of allergic disease among women in an Ethiopian population. PloS One. 2011;6(7):e22551-e. Epub 07/21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022551. PubMed PMID: 21811632.
  • Amberbir A, Medhin G, Hanlon C, et al. Effects of early life paracetamol use on the incidence of allergic disease and sensitization: 5 year follow-up of an Ethiopian birth cohort. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93869. Epub 2014/ 04/11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093869. PubMed PMID: 24718577; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3981735.
  • Birru EM, Abay Z, Abdelwuhab M, et al. Management of headache and associated factors among undergraduate medicine and health science students of University of Gondar, North West Ethiopia. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2016;17:56.Epub 05/23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-016-0647-4. PubMed PMID: 27216280.
  • Beyene KGM, Beza SW. Self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2018;46:10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-018-0091-z. PubMed PMID: 29743807.
  • Duncan P, Aref-Adib G, Venn A, et al. Use and misuse of aspirin in rural Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal. 2006;83(1):31-36. Epub 2006/ 04/29. doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v83i1.9358. PubMed PMID: 16642748.
  • Sado E, Kassahun E, Bayisa G, et al. Epidemiology of self-medication with modern medicines among health care professionals in Nekemte town, western Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. 2017;10(1):533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2865-5. PubMed PMID: 29084581.
  • Marwa KJ, Njalika A, Ruganuza D, et al. Self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Makongoro health centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: a challenge to health systems. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2018;18(1):16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1642-8. PubMed PMID: 29310609.
  • Chipwaza B, Mugasa JP, Mayumana I, et al. Self-medication with anti-malarials is a common practice in rural communities of Kilosa district in Tanzania despite the reported decline of malaria. Malaria Journal. 2014;13:252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-252. PubMed PMID: 24992941.
  • Mensah BN, Agyemang IB, Afriyie DK, et al. Self-medication practice in Akuse, a rural setting in Ghana. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2019;26(3):189-194. Epub 2019/ 08/24. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_87_19. PubMed PMID: 31441458.
  • Badzi CD, Ackumey MM. Factors influencing use of analgesics among construction workers in the Ga-Eastmunicipality of the Greater Accra region, Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. 2017;51(4):156-163. PubMed PMID: 29622829.
  • Myers B, Siegfried N, Parry CD. Over-the-counter and prescription medicine misuse in Cape Town--findings from specialist treatment centres. South African Medical Journal. 2003;93(5):367-70. Epub 2003/ 07/02. PubMed PMID: 12830601.
  • Clarke SE, Rowley J, Bogh C, et al. Home treatment of ‘malaria’ in children in rural Gambia is uncommon. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2003;8(10):884-894. Epub 2003/ 10/01. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01095.x. PubMed PMID: 14516299.
  • Lucas R, Lunet N, Carvalho R, et al. Patterns in the use of medicines by university students in Maputo, Mozambique. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007;23(12):2845-2852. Epub 2007/ 12/25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200005. PubMed PMID: 18157326.
  • Tesfamariam S, Anand IS, Kaleab G, et al. Self-medication with over the counter drugs, prevalence of risky practice and its associated factors in pharmacy outlets of Asmara, Eritrea. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6470-5. PubMed PMID: 30727984.
  • Kasilo OJ, Nhachi CF, Mutangadura EF. Epidemiology of household medications in urban Gweru and Harare. Central African Journal of Medicine. 1991;37(6):167-171. Epub 1991/ 06/01. PubMed PMID: 1790560.
  • Ndol FMI, Bompeka FL, Dramaix-Wilmet M, et al. Self-Medication among Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department of University Clinics of Kinshasa (DRC). Sante Publique. 2013;25(2):233–240.
  • Angbo-Effi KO, Kouassi DP, Yao GHA, et al. Determinants of street drug use in urban areas. Sante Publique. 2011;23(6):455–464.
  • Penda CI, Moukoko ECE, Youmba JFN, et al. Characterization of pharmaceutical medication without a medical prescription in children before hospitalization in a resource-limited setting, Cameroon. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018;30:302. doi: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.30.302.16321. PubMed PMID: 30637086.
  • Geissler PW, Nokes K, Prince RJ, et al. Children and medicines: self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo schoolchildren in western Kenya. Social Science and Medicine. 2000;50(12):1771–1783. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99) 00428-1.
  • Arrais PSD, Fernandes MEP, Pizzol TdSD, et al. Prevalence of self-medication in Brazil and associated factors. Revista de Saude Publica. 2016;50(suppl2): 13s-s. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006117. PubMed PMID: 27982373.
  • Figueiras A, Caamaño F, Gestal-Otero JJ. Sociodemographic factors related to self-medication in Spain. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;16( 1):19–26. Epub 2000/ 04/26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007608702063. PubMed PMID: 10780338.
  • Lei X, Jiang H, Liu C, et al. Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors among Residents in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018;15(1):68. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010068. PubMed PMID: 29300318.
  • Gama ASM, Secoli SR. Self-medication among nursing students in the state of Amazonas - Brazil. Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem. 2017;38(1):e65111. Epub 2017/ 05/26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.01.65111. PubMed PMID: 28538809.
  • Wafula FN, Miriti EM, Goodman CA. Examining characteristics, knowledge and regulatory practices of specialized drug shops in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Health Services Research. 2012;12(1):223. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-223.
  • Meessen B, Hercot D, Noirhomme M, et al. Removing user fees in the health sector: a review of policy processes in six sub-Saharan African countries. Health Policy and Planning. 2011;26(suppl_2):ii16-ii29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr062.
  • Sisay M, Mengistu G, Edessa D. Epidemiology of self-medication in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2018;19(1):56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0248-8. PubMed PMID: 30201045.
  • Sandler G. South Africa: self-medication. The Lancet. 1990;335(8698):1149. Epub 1990/ 05/12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91142-w. PubMed PMID: 1971877.
  • Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rosner B, et al. Frequency of analgesic use and risk of hypertension in younger women. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002;162(19):2204-8. Epub 2002/ 10/24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.19.2204. PubMed PMID: 12390063.
  • Agaba EI, Agaba PA, Wigwe CM. Use and abuse of analgesics in Nigeria: a community survey. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2004;13(4):379-382. Epub 2004/ 11/05. PubMed PMID: 15523865.
  • Araia ZZ, Gebregziabher NK, Mesfun AB. Self medication practice and associated factors among students of Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea: a cross sectional study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice. 2019;12:3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0165-2. PubMed PMID: 30828458.
  • Samulowitz A, Gremyr I, Eriksson E, et al. “Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Research Management. 2018;2018:6358624. Epub 2018/ 04/24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6358624. PubMed PMID: 29682130; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5845507.