Forty years after Alma-Ata: primary health-care preparedness for chronic diseases in Mozambique, Nepal and Peru

References

• World Health Organization. Declaration of Alma-Ata. International conference on primary health care. Alma-Ata, USSR; 1978 Sept 6–12 [cited 2018 Jun 28]. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Macarayan EK, Gage AD, Doubova SV, et al. Assessment of quality of primary care with facility surveys: a descriptive analysis in ten low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Heal. 2018 Nov 1;6:e1176–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins DA, Yamey G, Schäferhoff M, et al. Alma-Ata at 40 years: reflections from the Lancet Commission on Investing in Health. Lancet. 2018 Oct 20;392:1434–1460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda JJ, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Corvalan C, et al. Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Med. 2019 Nov 7;25:1667–1679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza W, Miranda JJ. Global shifts in cardiovascular disease, the epidemiologic transition, and other contributing factors: toward a new practice of global health cardiology. Cardiol Clin. 2017 Feb 1;35:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Perel P, Miranda JJ. Forty years since Alma-Ata: do we need a new model for noncommunicable diseases? J Glob Health. 2019 Jun 30; 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D. Health systems and the management of chronic diseases: lessons from Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Manag. 2012 Jul;2:323–335.
   Google Scholar
• Beran D, Chappuis F, Cattacin S, et al. The need to focus on primary health care for chronic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Sep;4:731–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bury M. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociol Heal Illn. 1982;4:167–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beran D. Developing a hierarchy of needs for Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2014;2014:61–67.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell O. Access to health care in developing countries: breaking down demand side barriers. Cad Saude Publica. 2007 Dec;23:2820–2834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hone T, Macinko J, Millett C. Revisiting Alma-Ata: what is the role of primary health care in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals? Lancet. 2018 Oct;392:1461–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund. Declaration of Astana, Global conference on primary health care [internet]. Astana, Kazakhstan; 2018 Oct 25–26. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/primary-health/declaration/gcphc-declaration.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gyapong JO, Gyapong M, Yellu N, et al. Integration of control of neglected tropical diseases into health-care systems: challenges and opportunities. Lancet. 2010 Jan 9;375:160–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte E, McKee M, editors. Caring for people with chronic conditions: a health system perspective. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2008. 259 p.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases and mental health cluster. Innovative care for chronic conditions: building blocks for action: global report [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2002 [cited 2019 Apr 16]. Available from: https://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/icccreport/en/
   Google Scholar
• Kessner DM, Kalk CE, Singer J. Assessing health quality: the case for tracers. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jan 25;288:189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte E, Bain C, McKee M. Diabetes as a tracer condition in international benchmarking of health systems. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2006 May 1 [cited 2019 Apr 16];29:1007–1011. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/diacare.2951007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbazza E, Kringos D, Kruse I, et al. Creating performance intelligence for primary health care strengthening in Europe. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 Dec 27; 19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Higuchi M. How to investigate access to care for chronic noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. A survey manual based on a Rapid Assessment Protocol. Draft for Field Testing [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s20981en/s20981en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Beran D, Yudkin JS, De Courten M. Assessing health systems for type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: developing a “Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access.”. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 24;6:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas MK, Miranda JJ, Beran D. Delivery of Type 2 diabetes care in low- and middle-income countries: lessons from Lima, Peru. Diabet Med. 2016 Jun;33:752–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Miranda JJ, Cardenas MK, et al. Health systems research for policy change: lessons from the implementation of rapid assessment protocols for diabetes in low- and middle-income settings. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015 Dec 1;13:41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Lazo-Porras M, Cardenas MK, et al. Moving from formative research to co-creation of interventions: insights from a community health system project in Mozambique, Nepal and Peru. BMJ Glob Heal. 2018 Nov;3:e001183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Anuário Estatístico. Maputo Moçambique; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics - Government of Nepal. National data profile. Kachankawal Rural Municipality-6 [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Feb 15]. Available from: http://nationaldata.gov.np/Ward/Index/798
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics - Government of Nepal. National data profile. Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Feb 15]. Available from: http://nationaldata.gov.np/LocalLevel/Index/11306
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Censos Nacionales 2017 – XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas [Internet]. [ cited 2020 Feb 15]. Available from: http://censo2017.inei.gob.pe/
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank Group. World Development indicators [internet]. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; [cited 2021 Mar 20]. Available from: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=World-Development-Indicators
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World health data platform| the global health observatory [internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators
   Google Scholar
• Lazo-Porras M, Perez-Leon S, Cardenas MK, et al. Lessons learned about co-creation: developing a complex intervention in rural Peru. Glob Health Action. 2020 Dec 31;13:1754016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 [cited 2018 Jul 13]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/WHO_MBHSS_2010_full_web.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes. WHO’s framework for action [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, Health Action International. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components [Internet]. 2008. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70013/WHO_PSM_PAR_2008.3_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD Index [Internet]. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2019 [cited 2019 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
   Google Scholar
• Upreti SR, Lohani GR, Magtymova A, et al. Strengthening policy and governance to address the growing burden of diabetes in Nepal. WHO South-East Asia J Public Health. 2016 Apr 1;5:40–43.
   Google Scholar
• Atun R. Transitioning health systems for multimorbidity. Lancet. 2015 Aug 22;386:721–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda JJ, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Gilman RH, et al. Multimorbidity at sea level and high-altitude urban and rural settings: the CRONICAS cohort study. J Comorbidity. 2019 Jan 1;9:2235042X1987529.
   Google Scholar
• Beran D, Pedersen HB, Robertson J. Noncommunicable diseases, access to essential medicines and universal health coverage. Glob Health Action. 2019 Jan 1;12:1670014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesantes MA, Somerville C, Singh SB, et al. Disruption, changes, and adaptation: experiences with chronic conditions in Mozambique, Nepal and Peru. Glob Public Health. 2020 Mar 3;15:372–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi J, Chalabi Z. Square peg in a round hole: re-thinking our approach to evaluating health system strengthening in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2:e000406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83:457–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katende D, Mutungi G, Baisley K, et al. Readiness of Ugandan health services for the management of outpatients with chronic diseases. Trop Med Int Heal. 2015 Oct 8;20:1385–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck R, Mghamba J, Vanobberghen F, et al. Preparedness of Tanzanian health facilities for outpatient primary care of hypertension and diabetes: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet Glob Heal. 2014 May;2:e285–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers HE, Akiteng AR, Mutungi G, et al. Capacity of Ugandan public sector health facilities to prevent and control non-communicable diseases: an assessment based upon WHO-PEN standards. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Dec 6;18:606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Yudkin JS. Looking beyond the issue of access to insulin: what is needed for proper diabetes care in resource poor settings. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Jun;88:217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Service availability and readiness assessment (SARA): an annual monitoring system for service delivery. Reference manual [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/SARA_Reference_Manual_Chapter3.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, et al. Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001 Dec;20:64–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte E, McKee M. Integration and chronic care: a review. In: Nolte E, McKee M, editors. Caring for people with chronic conditions: a health system perspective. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2008. p. 64–91.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Milbank Q. 1996;74:511–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin SB. Alma Ata after 40 years: primary health care and health for all-from consensus to complexity. BMJ Glob Health. 2018 Dec 20;3(Suppl 3):e001188.
   Google Scholar
• Odugleh-Kolev A, Parrish-Sprowl J. Universal health coverage and community engagement. Bull World Health Organ. 2018 Sep 1;96:660–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenk J. Reinventing primary health care: the need for systems integration. Lancet. 2009 Jul 11;374:170–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar