Hypertension screening, awareness, treatment, and control: a study of their prevalence and associated factors in a nationally representative sample from Nepal

References

• Risk Factor GBD. Collaborators. global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1923–13. Epub 2018/ 11/30. doi: PubMed PMID: 30496105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6227755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–2260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, et al. Global Burden of Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015. JAMA. 2017;317:165–182. Epub 2017/ 01/18. PubMed PMID: 28097354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [Cited 2015 Jul 16]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.NCDBPAWBv?lang=en.
   Google Scholar
• Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134:441–450. Epub 2016/ 08/10. PubMed PMID: 27502908; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4979614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya A, Aryal UR, Krettek A. Cardiovascular health knowledge, attitude and practice/behaviour in an urbanising community of nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study from jhaukhel-duwakot health demographic surveillance site. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002976. Epub 2013/ 10/26. PubMed PMID: 24157816; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3808775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari K, Gupta N, Koshy AK. Gender differences on risk factors of non-communicable diseases–a community based cross-sectional study in central Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2014;12:89–93. Epub 2015/ 01/13. PubMed PMID: 25574999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, and Bista B, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of kathmandu, nepal. Int J Hypertens 2016 . 2016;2016:1656938. Epub 2016/ 06/14. PubMed PMID: 27293880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4880705. doi: 10.1155/2016/1656938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharjan B. Prevalence and awareness of hypertension among adults and its related risk factors. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2017;15:242–246.
   Google Scholar
• Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, Shrestha N. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in nepal between 2000 and 2025: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hypertens. 2021;2021:6610649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Kaur M, Islam S, et al. association of household wealth index, educational status, and social capital with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in South Asia. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30:373–381. Epub 2017/ 01/18. PubMed PMID: 28096145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmacharya BM, Koju RP, LoGerfo JP, et al. Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Nepal: findings from the Dhulikhel Heart Study. Heart Asia. 2017;9:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neupane D, Shrestha A, Mishra SR, et al. Awareness, prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in Western Nepal. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30:907–913. Epub 2017/ 05/23. PubMed PMID: 28531244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanal MK, Dhungana RR, Bhandari P, et al. Prevalence, associated factors, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension: findings from a cross sectional study conducted as a part of a community based intervention trial in surkhet, mid-western region of Nepal. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0185806. Epub 2017/ 10/06. PubMed PMID: 28982159; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5628876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehata S, Shrestha N, Mehta R, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Nepal: data from nationally representative population-based cross-sectional study. J Hypertens. 2018;36:1680–1688. Epub 2018/ 04/06. PubMed PMID: 29621067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenissl J, Manne-Goehler J, Jaacks LM, et al. Hypertension screening, awareness, treatment, and control in India: a nationally representative cross-sectional study among individuals aged 15 to 49 years. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002801. Epub 2019/ 05/06. PubMed PMID: 31050680; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6499417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlman DC, Jordan AE. Nash D. Conceptualizing care continua: lessons from hiv, hepatitis c virus, tuberculosis and implications for the development of improved care and prevention continua. Front Public Health. 2016;4:296. Epub 2017/ 01/26. PubMed PMID: 28119910; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5222805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwadz M, Cleland CM, Hagan H, et al. Strategies to uncover undiagnosed HIV infection among heterosexuals at high risk and link them to HIV care with high retention: a “seek, test, treat, and retain” study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry KM, Parker WA, McHiza ZJ, et al. Quantifying unmet need for hypertension care in South Africa through a care cascade: evidence from the SANHANES, 2011-2012. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2:e000348. Epub 2017/ 10/31. PubMed PMID: 29082013; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5656122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali MK, Bullard KM, Gregg EW, et al. A cascade of care for diabetes in the USA: visualizing the gaps. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:681–689. Epub 2014/ 11/18. PubMed PMID: 25402511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak G, Khan T, Gillespie C, et al. Hypertension control cascade: a framework to improve hypertension awareness, treatment, and control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18:232–239. Epub 2015/ 09/05. PubMed PMID: 26337797; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5049660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryal KK, Neupane S, Mehata S, et al. Non communicable diseases risk factor, steps survey. In: Nepal. Vol. 2013. Nepal Health Research Council: Kathmandu; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Dhimal M, Bista B, Bhattarai S, et al. Repot on noncommunicable disease risk factors: STEPS survey Nepal 2019. Kathmandu Nepal: Nepal Health Research Council; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lenfant C, Chobanian AV, Jones DW, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC 7): resetting the hypertension sails. Hypertension. 2003;41:1178–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Indicator Definitions - Tobacco: CDC; 2018 [cited 2018 November/28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cdi/definitions/tobacco.html.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Indicator Definitions - Alcohol: CDC; 2018 [cited 2018 November/28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cdi/definitions/alcohol.html.
   Google Scholar
• (CDC) CfDCaP. Only 1 in 10 Adults Get Enough Fruits or Vegetables: CDC; 2019 [cited 2019 November 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p1116-fruit-vegetable-consumption.html.
   Google Scholar
• Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116:1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual. 2017. The WHO STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS). 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Alberti KGMM, and Zimmet P. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications Diabetic Medicine . Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic medicine. 1998;15:539–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy S, Becker D, Clark L, et al. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Circulation-Hagertown. 2002;106:3143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erreygers G. Correcting the Concentration Index. J Health Econ. 2009;28:504–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karmacharya BM, Koju RP, LoGerfo JP, et al. Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Nepal: findings from the dhulikhel heart study. Heart Asia. 2017;9:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanal MK, Dhungana RR, Bh AP, et al. Prevalence, associated factors, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension: findings from a cross sectional study conducted as a part of a community based intervention trial in Surkhet, Mid-western region of Nepal. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:10. PubMed PMID: rayyan-10729308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neupane D, Shrestha A, Mishra SR, et al. Awareness, prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in Western Nepal. Am J Hypertens. 2017 PubMed PMID: rayyan-10729325;30:907–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhungana RR, Ey AR, Bista B, et al. prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Hypertens. 2016;2016:1–10. PubMed PMID: 116283682. Language: English. Entry Date: 20180117. Revision Date: 20190131. Publication Type: Article.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SR, Ghimire S, Shrestha N, et al. Socio-economic inequalities in hypertension burden and cascade of services: nationwide cross-sectional study in Nepal. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33:613–625. PubMed PMID: rayyan-10729645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Lu Y, Wang X, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from 1.7 million adults in a population-based screening study (China PEACE Million Persons Project). Lancet. 2017;390:2549–2558. Epub 2017/ 11/06. PubMed PMID: 29102084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maimaris W, Paty J, Perel P, et al. The influence of health systems on hypertension awareness, treatment, and control: a systematic literature review. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001490. Epub 2013/ 08/13. PubMed PMID: 23935461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3728036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Campbell NR, Feldman RD, et al. Hypertension in Canada: past, present, and future. Ann Glob Health. 2016;82:288–299. Epub 2016/ 07/04.PubMed PMID: 27372532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houweling TAJ, Kunst AE. Socio-economic inequalities in childhood mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the international evidence. Br Med Bull. 2010;93:7–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas T, Islam MS, Linton N, et al. Socio-economic inequality of chronic non-communicable diseases in Bangladesh. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:e0167140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer I, Griebler U, Mahlknecht P, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases and their risk factors: an overview of systematic reviews. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:914. Epub 2015/ 09/20. PubMed PMID: 26385563; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4575459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palafox B, McKee M, Balabanova D, et al. Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:199. Epub 2016/ 12/10. PubMed PMID: 27931255; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5146857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Zhao G, and Wang G, et al. Insurance status among adults with hypertension—the impact of underinsurance. J Am Heart Assoc 2016 . 5:e004313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks ME, Rosendaal NTA, Wit FWNM, et al. Sustained effect of health insurance and facility quality improvement on blood pressure in adults with hypertension in Nigeria: a population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2016;202:477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detollenaere J, Desmarest AS, Boeckxstaens P, et al. The link between income inequality and health in Europe, adding strength dimensions of primary care to the equation. Soc Sci Med. 2018;201:103–110. Epub 2018/ 02/23. PubMed PMID: 29471179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HM, Thorpe CT, Bartels CM, et al. Undiagnosed hypertension among young adults with regular primary care use. J Hypertens. 2014;32:65–74. PubMed PMID: 24126711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HM, Thorpe CT, Bartels CM, et al. Antihypertensive medication initiation among young adults with regular primary care use. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29:723–731. Epub 2014/ 02/04. PubMed PMID: 24493322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HM, Warner RC, LaMantia JN, et al. “I have to live like I’m old.” Young adults’ perspectives on managing hypertension: a multi-center qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016;17:31. Epub 2016/ 03/13. PubMed PMID: 26969619; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4788815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devkota S, Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, et al. Barriers to treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensive participants: a community-based cross-sectional mixed method study in municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2016;3:26. PubMed PMID: 27532038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha S, Shrestha A, Koju RP, et al. Barriers and facilitators to treatment among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension in Nepal. Heart Asia. 2018;10:e011047. Epub 2018/ 09/21. PubMed PMID: 30233660; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6135456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. multisectoral action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Kathmandu Nepal: Government of Nepal and World Health Organization; 2010; 2014–2020.
   Google Scholar