439
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The perception of air pollution and its health risk: a scoping review of measures and methods

, , , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2370100 | Received 12 Dec 2023, Accepted 16 Jun 2024, Published online: 28 Jun 2024

References

  • Slovic P. Perception of risk. Science. 1987;236:280–13. doi: 10.1126/science.3563507
  • Ferrer RA, Klein WMP. Risk perceptions and health behavior. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015;5:85–89. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.012
  • Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Gibbons FX, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26:136–145. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
  • Cahyanto I, Wiblishauser M, Pennington-Gray L, Schroeder A, et al. The dynamics of travel avoidance: the case of Ebola in the U.S. Tour Manag Perspect. 2016;20:195–203. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.004
  • Bruine de Bruin, de Bruin Wb D, Bruine de Bruin W, et al. Relationships between initial COVID-19 risk perceptions and protective health behaviors: A national survey. Am J Prev Med. 2020;59:157–167. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.001
  • Bubeck P, Botzen WJW, Jcjh A, et al. A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Anal. 2012;32:1481–1495. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x
  • Schneiderbauer S, Pisa PF, Delves JL, et al. Risk perception of climate change and natural hazards in global mountain regions: a critical review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;784:146957. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146957
  • Takebayashi Y, Lyamzina Y, Suzuki Y, et al. Risk perception and anxiety regarding radiation after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident: a systematic qualitative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:1306. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111306
  • Ban J, Shi WY, Cui LL, et al. Health-risk perception and its mediating effect on protective behavioral adaptation to heat waves. Environ Res. 2019;172:27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.006
  • Xu ZH, Li JM, Shan JZ, et al. Extending the theory of planned behavior to understand residents’ coping behaviors for reducing the health risks posed by haze pollution. Environ Dev Sus. 2021;23:2122–2142. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00666-5
  • Dietz T, Dan A, Shwom R, et al. Support for climate change policy: social psychological and social structural influences. Rural Sociol. 2007;72:185–214. doi: 10.1526/003601107781170026
  • Boso A, Hofflinger AQ, Oltra C, et al. Public support for wood smoke mitigation policies in south-central Chile. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2018;11:1109–1119. doi: 10.1007/s11869-018-0612-2
  • Pidgeon N. Risk assessment, risk values and the social science programme: why we do need risk perception research. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. 1998;59:5–15. doi: 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00114-2
  • Bickerstaff K. Risk perception research: socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution. Environ Int. 2004;30:827–840. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.12.001
  • Renn O. The role of risk perception for risk management. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. 1998;59:49–62. doi: 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00119-1
  • Cori L, Donzelli G, Gorini F, et al. Risk perception of air pollution: a systematic review focused on particulate matter exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6424. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176424
  • Ban J, Zhou L, Zhang Y, et al. The health policy implications of individual adaptive behavior responses to smog pollution in urban China. Environ Int. 2017;106:144–152. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.010
  • Lin TT, Li L, Bautista JR, et al. Examining how communication and knowledge relate to Singaporean youths’ perceived risk of haze and intentions to take preventive behaviors. Health Commun. 2017;32:749–758. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1172288
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Method. 2005;8:19–32. doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK, et al. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5:69. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
  • Mirabelli MC, Ebelt S, Damon SA, et al. Air quality index and air quality awareness among adults in the United states. Environ Res. 2020;183:109185. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109185
  • Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Dec. 1991;50:179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Liao X, Tu H, Maddock JE, et al. Residents’ perception of air quality, pollution sources, and air pollution control in Nanchang, China. Atmos Pollut Res. 2015;6:835–841. doi: 10.5094/apr.2015.092
  • Zhang AP, Zhong LS, Xu Y, et al. Tourists’ perception of haze pollution and the potential impacts on travel: reshaping the features of tourism seasonality in Beijing, China. Sustainability-Basel. 2015;7:2397–2414. doi: 10.3390/su7032397
  • Guo YL, Liu FF, Lu YA, et al. Factors affecting parent’s perception on air quality from the individual to the community level. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:493. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050493
  • Lan GL, Yuan ZK, Maddock JE, et al. Public perception of air pollution and health effects in Nanchang, China. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2016;9:951–959. doi: 10.1007/s11869-016-0397-0
  • Li Z, Folmer H, Xue J, et al. Perception of air pollution in the Jinchuan mining Area, China: a structural equation modeling approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:735. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13070735
  • Liu X, Zhu H, Hu Y, et al. Public’s health risk awareness on urban air pollution in Chinese megacities: the cases of Shanghai, Wuhan and Nanchang. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016b;13:845. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13090845
  • Liu X, Wu Y, Hu Y, et al. Government employees’ perception of urban air pollution and willingness to pay for improved quality: a cross-sectional survey study in Nanchang, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016a;23:22183–22189. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7204-1
  • Qian X, Xu G, Li L, et al. Knowledge and perceptions of air pollution in Ningbo, China. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1138. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3788-0
  • Huang L, Rao C, van der Kuijp Tj, et al. A comparison of individual exposure, perception, and acceptable levels of PM(2.5) with air pollution policy objectives in China. Environ Res. 2017;157:78–86. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.012
  • Tvinnereim E, Liu XZ, Jamelske EM, et al. Public perceptions of air pollution and climate change: different manifestations, similar causes, and concerns. Clim Change. 2017;140:399–412. doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1871-2
  • Xu JH, Chi CSF, Zhu K, et al. Concern or apathy: the attitude of the public toward urban air pollution. J. Risk Res. 2017;20:482–498. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071869
  • Yang S, Shi L. Public perception of smog: a case study in Ningbo City, China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2017;67:219–230. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1229235
  • Huang JL, Yang ZJ. Risk, affect, and policy support: public perception of air pollution in China. Asian J Commun. 2018a;28:281–297. doi: 10.1080/01292986.2017.1386220
  • Rajper SA, Ullah S, Li Z, et al. Exposure to air pollution and self-reported effects on Chinese students: a case study of 13 megacities. PLOS One. 2018;13:e0194364. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194364
  • Chen S, Qin P, Tan-Soo JS, et al. Recency and projection biases in air quality valuation by Chinese residents. Sci Total Environ. 2019;648:618–630. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.153
  • Li XY, Tilt B. Public engagements with smog in urban China: Knowledge, trust, and action. Environ Sci Policy. 2019;92:220–227. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.008
  • Pu S, Shao Z, Fang M, et al. Spatial distribution of the public’s risk perception for air pollution: A nationwide study in China. Sci Total Environ. 2019;655:454–462. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.232
  • Wang SY, Wang J, Ru XJ, et al. Public smog knowledge, risk perception, and intention to reduce car use: evidence from China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2019;25:1745–1759. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1471580
  • Zhou L, Dai Y. The influencing factors of haze tolerance in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:287. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16020287
  • Huang Q. How does news media exposure amplify publics’ perceived health risks about air pollution in China? A conditional media effect approach. Int J Commun-US. 2020;14:1705–1724.
  • Yang QH, Wu SW. Air pollution in China: health information seeking and protective behaviors. Health Promt Int. 2020;35:1495–1506. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daaa017
  • Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Dou H, et al. Adolescent haze-related knowledge level study: a cross-sectional survey with sensitivity analysis. Front Public Health. 2020;8:229. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00229
  • Zhu WW, Yao NZ, Guo QZ, et al. Public risk perception and willingness to mitigate climate change: city smog as an example. Environ Geochem Health. 2020;42:881–893. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00355-x
  • Winter AK, Le H, Roberts S, et al. From black to blue skies: civil society perceptions of air pollution in Shanghai. China Quart. 2021;248:1059–1080. doi: 10.1017/S0305741021000588
  • Zhou Q, Chen N, Pan X, et al. Characterizing air pollution risk perceptions among high-educated young generation in China: How does risk experience influence risk perception. Environ Sci Policy. 2021;123:99–105. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.05.006
  • Creer RN, Gray RM, Treshow M, et al. Differential responses to air pollution as an environmental health problem. J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1970;20:814–818. doi: 10.1080/00022470.1970.10469478
  • Johnson BB. Gender and race in beliefs about outdoor air pollution. Risk Anal. 2002;22:725–738. doi: 10.1111/0272-4332.00064
  • Brody SD, Peck BM, Highfield WE, et al. Examining localized patterns of air quality perception in Texas: a spatial and statistical analysis. Risk Anal. 2004;24:1561–1574. doi: 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00550.x
  • McDermott M, Srivastava R, Croskell S, et al. Awareness of and compliance with air pollution advisories: a comparison of parents of asthmatics with other parents. J Asthma. 2006;43:235–239. doi: 10.1080/02770900600567114
  • Semenza JC, Wilson DJ, Parra J, et al. Public perception and behavior change in relationship to hot weather and air pollution. Environ Res. 2008;107:401–411. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.005
  • Johnson BB. Acculturation, ethnicity, and air pollution perceptions. Risk Anal. 2011;31:984–999. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01557.x
  • Nikolopoulou M, Kleissl J, Linden PF, et al. Pedestrians’ perception of environmental stimuli through field surveys: focus on particulate pollution. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:2493–2502. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.002
  • Nowka MR, Bard RL, Rubenfire M, et al. Patient awareness of the risks for heart disease posed by air pollution. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;53:379–384. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2010.12.003
  • Johnson BB. Experience with urban air pollution in Paterson, new jersey and implications for air pollution communication. Risk Anal. 2012;32:39–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01669.x
  • Kondo MC, Gross-Davis CA, May K, et al. Place-based stressors associated with industry and air pollution. Health Place. 2014;28:31–37. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.03.004
  • King KE. Chicago residents’ perceptions of air quality: objective pollution, the built environment, and neighborhood stigma theory. Popul Environ. 2015;37:1–21. doi: 10.1007/s11111-014-0228-x
  • Laws MB, Yeh Y, Reisner E, et al. Gender, ethnicity and environmental risk perception revisited: the importance of residential location. J Community Health. 2015;40:948–955. doi: 10.1007/s10900-015-0017-1
  • Brown P, Cameron L, Cisneros R, et al. Latino and non-latino perceptions of the air quality in california’s san joaquin valley. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:1242. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13121242
  • Zhou Y, Song Y, Tian J, et al. Risk perception of air pollution: an exploration of self-relevancy. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2016;22:1506–1518. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2016.1190635
  • Chakraborty J, Collins TW, Grineski SE, et al. Racial differences in perceptions of air pollution health risk: does environmental exposure matter? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:116. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14020116
  • Cisneros R, Brown P, Cameron L, et al. Understanding public views about air quality and air pollution sources in the san joaquin valley, California. J Environ Public Health. 2017;2017:4535142. doi: 10.1155/2017/4535142
  • Gany F, Bari S, Prasad L, et al. Perception and reality of particulate matter exposure in New York City taxi drivers. J Expo Sci Env Epid. 2017;27:221–226. doi: 10.1038/jes.2016.23
  • Benney TM, Cantwell D, Singer P, et al. Understanding perceptions of health risk and behavioral responses to air pollution in the state of Utah (USA). Atmosphere. 2021;12:1373. doi: 10.3390/atmos12111373
  • Lynch KM, Mirabelli MC. Air quality awareness and behaviors of US adolescents with and without asthma. Am J Prev Med. 2021a;61:724–728. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.030
  • Lynch KM, Mirabelli MC. Outdoor air quality awareness, perceptions, and behaviors among U.S. children aged 12-17 years, 2015-2018. J Adolesc Health. 2021b;68:882–887. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.040
  • Maione M, Mocca E, Eisfeld K, et al. Public perception of air pollution sources across Europe. Ambio. 2021;50:1150–1158. doi: 10.1007/s13280-020-01450-5
  • Lou BW, Barbieri DM, Passavanti M, et al. Air pollution perception in ten countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ambio. 2022;51:531–545. doi: 10.1007/s13280-021-01574-2
  • Stevens E, Cullinan P, Colvile R, et al. Urban air pollution and children’s asthma: what do parents and health professionals think? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;37:530–536. doi: 10.1002/ppul.20008
  • Edgley A, Pilnick A, Clarke M, et al. ‘The air still wasn’t good … everywhere I went I was surrounded’: lay perceptions of air quality and health. Health Sociol Rev. 2011;20:97–108. doi: 10.5172/hesr.2011.20.1.97
  • Claeson AS, Lidén E, Nordin M, et al. The role of perceived pollution and health risk perception in annoyance and health symptoms: a population-based study of odorous air pollution. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013;86:367–374. doi: 10.1007/s00420-012-0770-8
  • Omanga E, Ulmer L, Berhane Z, et al. Industrial air pollution in rural Kenya: community awareness, risk perception and associations between risk variables. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:377. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-377
  • Wannalai S, Nokaew S, Siriwong W, et al. Assessment of knowledge and perception of adverse health effects associated with self-prevention from air pollution in traffic policemen in Bangkok, Thailand. J Health Res. 2016;30:S147–S52. doi: 10.14456/jhr.2016.78
  • Hodgson A, Hitchings R. Urban air pollution perception through the experience of social practices: Talking about breathing with recreational runners in London. Health Place. 2018;53:26–33. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.009
  • Yazdanibakhsh F, Salehi E, Faham E, et al. Influential factors of air pollution awareness in Isfahan, Iran. Pollution. 2019;5:247–256. doi: 10.22059/poll.2018.256967.435
  • Zielonka TM. Awareness of Polish physicians regarding the impact of air pollution on health. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2022;77:478–485. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1935677
  • Moffatt S, Phillimore P, Bhopal R, et al. ‘If this is what it’s doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?’ Industrial pollution and public understanding in north-east England. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41:883–891. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00380-c
  • Slachtova H, Tomasek I, Jones K, et al. Risk perception study in the framework of PHARE/CESAR study - central European study on air pollution and respiratory health risk perception, the environment, and communication strategies in the CESAR project: results from the Czech Republic. J Hazard Mater. 1998;61:313–317. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00138-1
  • Elliott SJ, Cole DC, Krueger P, et al. The power of perception: health risk attributed to air pollution in an urban industrial neighbourhood. Risk Anal. 1999;19:621–634. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00433.x
  • Wakefield SEL, Elliott SJ, Cole DC, et al. Environmental risk and (re)action: air quality, health, and civic involvement in an urban industrial neighbourhood. Health Place. 2001;7:163–177. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8292(01)00006-5
  • Howel D, Moffatt S, Prince H, et al. Urban air quality in north-East England: exploring the influences on local views and perceptions. Risk Anal. 2002;22:121–130. doi: 10.1111/0272-4332.t01-1-00010
  • Luginaah IN, Taylor SM, Elliott SJ, et al. Community reappraisal of the perceived health effects of a petroleum refinery. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55:47–61. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00206-4
  • Howel D, Moffatt S, Bush J, et al. Public views on the links between air pollution and health in Northeast England. Environ Res. 2003;91:163–171. doi: 10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00037-3
  • Day RJ. Traffic-related air pollution and perceived health risk: lay assessment of an everyday hazard. Health Risk Soc. 2006;8:305–322. doi: 10.1080/13698570600871869
  • Walker TR, Habeck JO, Karjalainen TP, et al. Perceived and measured levels of environmental pollution: interdisciplinary research in the subarctic lowlands of northeast European Russia. AMBIO: A J Hum Environ. 2006;35:220–228. doi: 10.1579/06-a-127r.1
  • Badland HM, Duncan MJ. Perceptions of air pollution during the work-related commute by adults in Queensland, Australia. Atmos Environ. 2009;43:5791–5795. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.050
  • Pluhar ZF, Piko BF, Kovacs S, et al. “Air pollution is bad for my health”: Hungarian children’s knowledge of the role of environment in health and disease. Health Place. 2009;15:239–246. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.05.005
  • Valentić D, Micović V, Kolarić B, et al. The role of air quality in perception of health of the local population. Coll Antropol. 2010;34:113–117.
  • Simone D, Eyles J, Newbold KB, et al. Air quality in Hamilton: who is concerned? Perceptions from three neighbourhoods. Soc Indic Res. 2012;108:239–255. doi: 10.1007/s11205-012-0064-2
  • Fleury-Bahi G, Preau M, Annabi-Attia T, et al. Perceived health and quality of life: the effect of exposure to atmospheric pollution. J. Risk Res. 2013;18:127–138. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841728
  • Muindi K, Egondi T, Kimani-Murage E, et al. “We are used to this”: a qualitative assessment of the perceptions of and attitudes towards air pollution amongst slum residents in Nairobi. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:226. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-226
  • Liao PS, Shaw D, Lin YM, et al. Environmental quality and life satisfaction: subjective versus objective measures of air quality. Soc Indic Res. 2015;124:599–616. doi: 10.1007/s11205-014-0799-z
  • Carducci A, Donzelli G, Cioni L, et al. Air pollution: a study of citizen’s attitudes and behaviors using different information sources. Ebph. 2017;14:e12389. doi: 10.2427/12389
  • Deguen S, Padilla M, Padilla C, et al. Do individual and neighborhood characteristics influence perceived air quality? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:1559. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14121559
  • Ngo NS, Kokoyo S, Klopp J, et al. Why participation matters for air quality studies: risk perceptions, understandings of air pollution and mobilization in a poor neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya. Public Health. 2017;142:177–185. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.014
  • Borbet TC, Gladson LA, Cromar KR, et al. Assessing air quality index awareness and use in Mexico City. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:538. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5418-5
  • Oltra C, Sala R. Perception of risk from air pollution and reported behaviors: a cross-sectional survey study in four cities. J. Risk Res. 2018;21:869–884. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264446
  • Chin YSJ, De Pretto L, Thuppil V, et al. Public awareness and support for environmental protection-A focus on air pollution in Peninsular Malaysia. PLOS One. 2019;14:e0212206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212206
  • Saleem Z, Saeed H, Yousaf M, et al. Evaluating smog awareness and preventive practices among Pakistani general population: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Health Promot Educ. 2019;57:161–173. doi: 10.1080/14635240.2019.1576535
  • Chang FJ, Ashfold MJ. Public perceptions of air pollution and its health impacts in greater kuala Lumpur. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2020;489. p. 012027.
  • Jokar M, Razavi Z, Moradi H, et al. From environmental knowledge to encouraging pro-environmental behavior for air pollution control in Isfahan: a highly air-polluted city in central Iran. SN Appl Sci. 2020;2:1986. doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-03777-w
  • Odonkor ST, Mahami T. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of air pollution in Accra, Ghana: A critical survey. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2020/3657161
  • Valencia ARZ, Umana MR, Wences HJA, et al. The air quality perception of residents in the metropolitan zone of acapulco who live around intersections with intense traffic. Environments. 2020;7:21. doi: 10.3390/environments7030021
  • Krishna BA, Devi RG, Priya AJ, et al. Knowledge, attitude and awareness on effect of air pollution on children among parents. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33:347–354. doi: 10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i47B33134
  • Riedel N, Loerbroks A, Bolte G, et al. Do perceived job insecurity and annoyance due to air and noise pollution predict incident self-rated poor health? A prospective analysis of independent and joint associations using a German national representative cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e012815. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012815
  • Orru K, Nordin S, Harzia H, et al. The role of perceived air pollution and health risk perception in health symptoms and disease: a population-based study combined with modelled levels of PM(10). Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2018;91:581–589. doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1303-x
  • Kim B, Yoon EJ, Kim S, et al. The effects of risk perceptions related to particulate matter on outdoor activity satisfaction in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1613. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051613
  • Ullah S, Ullah N, Rajper SA, et al. Air pollution and associated self-reported effects on the exposed students at Malakand division, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess. 2021;193:708. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09484-2
  • Beaumont R, Hamilton RS, Machin N, et al. Social awareness of air quality information. Sci Total Environ. 1999;235:319–329. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00215-6
  • Al-Shidi HK, Ambusaidi AK, Sulaiman H, et al. Public awareness, perceptions and attitudes on air pollution and its health effects in Muscat, Oman. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2021;71:1159–1174. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1930287
  • Cole-Hunter T, Morawska L, Solomon C, et al. Bicycle commuting and exposure to air pollution: a questionnaire-based investigation of perceptions, symptoms, and risk management strategies. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12:490–499. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0122
  • De Pretto L, Acreman S, Ashfold MJ, et al. The link between knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to atmospheric haze pollution in Peninsular Malaysia. PLOS One. 2015;10:e0143655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143655
  • Guo Y, Liu F, Lu Y, et al. Factors affecting parent’s perception on air quality—from the individual to the community level. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:493. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050493
  • Huang L, Li J, He RY, et al. Quantitative analysis of health risk perception, exposure levels, and willingness to pay/accept of PM2.5 during the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games. Environ Sci Technol. 2018b;52:13824–13833. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01634
  • Zielonka TM. The awareness of pulmonologists and patients with respiratory diseases about the impact of air pollution on health in Poland. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2606. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122606
  • Williams ID, Bird A. Public perceptions of air quality and quality of life in urban and suburban areas of London. J Environ Monit. 2003;5:253–259. doi: 10.1039/b209473h
  • Pantavou K, Lykoudis S, Psiloglou B, et al. Air quality perception of pedestrians in an urban outdoor Mediterranean environment: A field survey approach. Sci Total Environ. 2017;574:663–670. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.090
  • Yang ZJ, Rickard LN, Harrison TM, et al. Applying the risk information seeking and processing model to examine support for climate change mitigation policy. Sci Commun. 2014;36:296–324. doi: 10.1177/1075547014525350
  • Katsuya T. Public response to the Tokai nuclear accident. Risk Anal. 2001;21:1039–1046. doi: 10.1111/0272-4332.216172
  • Huang L, Zhou Y, Han Y, et al. Effect of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the risk perception of residents near a nuclear power plant in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:19742–19747. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1313825110
  • Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA, et al. The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med care. 1999;37:126–139. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199902000-00003
  • Dou H, Zhao Y, Chen Y, et al. Development and testing of the reliability and validity of the adolescent haze related knowledge awareness assessment scale (AHRKAAS). BMC Public Health. 2018;18:734. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5638-8