Optimal heat source for the interannual variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon

References

• Adler, R. F., G. J. Huffman, A. E. Chang, R. R. Ferraro, P. Xie, J. E. Janowiak, B. Rudolf, U. Schneider, S. Curtis, and D. Bolvin. 2003. “The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979–Present).” Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 1147–1167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstator, G. 1985. “Analysis of General Circulation Model Sea-surface Temperature Anomaly Simulations Using a Linear Model. Part I: Forced Solutions.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 42: 2225–2241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, L., S. I. Shin, Q. Y. Liu, and Z. Y. Liu. 2013. “Relative Importance of Tropical SST Anomalies in Forcing East Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation.” Geophysical Research Letters 40: 2471–2477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, C., and D. Ye. 1988. “The Tropical Very Low-frequency Oscillation on Interannual Scale.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 5: 369–388.
   Google Scholar
• He, C., T. J. Zhou, and T. Li. 2019. “Weakened Anomalous Western North Pacific Anticyclone during an El Nino-Decaying Summer under a Warmer Climate: Dominant Role of the Weakened Impact of the Tropical Indian Ocean on the Atmosphere.” Journal of Climate 32: 213–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota, N., and M. Takahashi. 2012. “A Tripolar Pattern as an Internal Mode of the East Asian Summer Monsoon.” Climate Dynamics 39: 2219–2238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G., K. Hu, and S.-P. Xie. 2010. “Strengthening of Tropical Indian Ocean Teleconnection to the Northwest Pacific since the Mid-1970s: An Atmospheric GCM Study*.” Journal of Climate 23: 5294–5304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, R., and Y. Wu. 1989. “The Influence of ENSO on the Summer Climate Change in China and Its Mechanism.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 6: 21–32.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, W., G. Huang, K. Hu, R. Wu, H. Gong, X. Chen, and W. Tao. 2017. “Diverse Relationship between ENSO and the Northwest Pacific Summer Climate among CMIP5 Models: Dependence on the ENSO Decay Pace.” Journal of Climate 30: 109–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, N. C., and S.-P. Xie. 2010. “Changes in the Sea Surface Temperature Threshold for Tropical Convection.” Nature Geoscience 3: 842–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S. K. Yang, J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. Potter. 2002. “Ncep-doe Amip-ii Reanalysis (r-2).” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83: 1631–1644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N. C. Lau. 1999. “Remote Sea Surface Temperature Variations during ENSO: Evidence for a Tropical Atmospheric Bridge.” Journal of Climate 12: 917–932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, R. Y., and Z. D. Lin. 2009. “Role of Subtropical Precipitation Anomalies in Maintaining the Summertime Meridional Teleconnection over the Western North Pacific and East Asia.” Journal of Climate 22: 2058–2072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitta, T. 1987. “Convective Activities in the Tropical Western Pacific and Their Impact on the Northern Hemisphere Summer Circulation.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 65: 373–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong, X., R. Zhang, and T. Li. 2010. “Impacts of Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies on Indo-East Asian Summer monsoon-ENSO Relationship.” Chinese Science Bulletin 55: 2458–2468.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, M. 1997. “Interannual and Interdecadal Variations of the Western North Pacific Monsoon and Baiu Rainfall and Their Relationship to the ENSO Cycles.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 75: 1109–1123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and K. M. Lau. 2001. “Interannual Variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacific-east Asian Monsoons.” Journal of Climate 14: 4073–4090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and T. Li. 2003. “Atmosphere-warm Ocean Interaction and Its Impacts on Asian-Australian Monsoon Variation.” Journal of Climate 16: 1195–1211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., Z. W. Wu, J. P. Li, J. Liu, C. P. Chang, Y. H. Ding, and G. X. Wu. 2008. “How to Measure the Strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon.” Journal of Climate 21: 4449–4463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Z. Zhu, L. Qi, Q. Zhao, J. He, and J. X. L. Wang. 2019. “Two Pathways of How Remote SST Anomalies Drive the Interannual Variability of Autumnal Haze Days in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19: 1521–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, M. 2004. “Asian Jet Waveguide and a Downstream Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation.” Journal of Climate 17: 4674–4691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, M., and M. Kimoto. 2000. “Atmosphere-ocean Thermal Coupling in the North Atlantic: A Positive Feedback.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 126: 3343–3369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, R., and B. Wang. 2000. “Interannual Variability of Summer Monsoon Onset over the Western North Pacific and the Underlying Processes.” Journal of Climate 13: 2483–2501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, B., B. Wang, W. Yu, and S. Xu. 2013. “How Can Anomalous Western North Pacific Subtropical High Intensify in Late Summer?” Geophysical Research Letters 40: 2349–2354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, S. P., K. M. Hu, J. Hafner, H. Tokinaga, Y. Du, G. Huang, and T. Sampe. 2009. “Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect on Indo-Western Pacific Climate during the Summer following El Nino.” Journal of Climate 22: 730–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, S.-P., and Z.-Q. Zhou. 2017. “Seasonal Modulations of El Niño–Related Atmospheric Variability: Indo–Western Pacific Ocean Feedback.” Journal of Climate 30: 3461–3472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J. H. Chu. 1973. “Determination of Bulk Properties of Tropical Cloud Clusters from Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets.” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 30: 611–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. L., Q. Y. Liu, S. P. Xie, Z. Y. Liu, and L. X. Wu. 2007. “Impact of the Indian Ocean SST Basin Mode on the Asian Summer Monsoon.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L02708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., A. Sumi, and M. Kimoto. 1996. “Impact of El Niño on the East Asian Monsoon: A Diagnostic Study of the ‘86/87 and ‘91/92 Events.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 74: 49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z., and T. Li. 2016. “A New Paradigm for Continental U.S. Summer Rainfall Variability: Asia–North America Teleconnection.” Journal of Climate 29: 7313–7327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z., and T. Li. 2018. “Amplified Contiguous United States Summer Rainfall Variability Induced by East Asian Monsoon Interdecadal Change.” Climate Dynamics 50: 3523–3536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar