Assessing the sensitivity of RegCM4 to cumulus and ocean surface schemes over the Southeast Asia domain of the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment

References

• Andreas, E. L. 1992. “Sea Spray and the Turbulent Air-Sea Heat Fluxes.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 97 (C7): 11429–11441. doi:10.1029/92jc00876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao, J. W., J. M. Wilczak, J. K. Choi, and L. H. Kantha. 2000. “Numerical Simulations of Air-Sea Interaction under High Wind Conditions Using A Coupled Model: A Study of Hurricane Development.” Monthly Weather Review 128 (7): 2190–2210. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2190:nsoasi>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., and R. Avissar. 1994. “Impact of Land-Surface Moisture Variability on Local Shallow Convective Cumulus and Precipitation in Large-Scale Models.” Journal of Applied Meteorology 33 (12): 1382–1401. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1382:iolsmv>2.0.co;2.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, J. X., L. Juneng, F. T. Tangang, and A. F. Jamaluddin. 2018. “Performances of BATS and CLM Land-surface Schemes in RegCM4 in Simulating Precipitation over CORDEX Southeast Asia Domain.” International Journal of Climatology 38: 794–810. doi:10.1002/joc.5211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash, S. K., M. S. Shekhar, and G. P. Singh. 2006. “Simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation and Rainfall Using Regcm3.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 86 (1–4): 161–172. doi:10.1007/s00704-006-0204-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, R. E., A. Henderson-Sellers, and P. J. Kennedy. 1993. “Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (Bats) Version Le as Coupled to the Ncar Community Climate Model.” NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-387+STR 72p.
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel, K. A., and M. Zivkovic-Rothman. 1999. “Development and Evaluation of a Convection Scheme for Use in Climate Models.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 56 (11): 1766–1782. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1766:daeoac>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson. 2003. “Bulk Parameterization of Air-Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the Coare Algorithm.” Journal of Climate 16 (4): 571–591. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:bpoasf>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairall, C. W., J. D. Kepert, and G. J. Holland. 1994. “The Effect of Sea Spray on Surface Energy Transports over the Ocean.” Global Atmosphere and Ocean System 2 (2–3): 121–142.
   Google Scholar
• Francisco, R. V., J. Argete, F. Giorgi, J. Pal, X. Bi, and W. J. Gutowski. 2006. “Regional Model Simulation of Summer Rainfall over the Philippines: Effect of Choice of Driving Fields and Ocean Flux Schemes.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 86 (1–4): 215–227. doi:10.1007/s00704-005-0216-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X. J., and F. Giorgi. 2017. “Use of the Regcm System over East Asia: Review and Perspectives.” Engineering 3 (5): 766–772. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2017.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, F., E. Coppola, F. Solmon, L. Mariotti, M. B. Sylla, X. Bi, N. Elguindi, et al. 2012. “Regcm4: Model Description and Preliminary Tests over Multiple Cordex Domains.” Climate Research 52 (1): 7–29. doi:10.3354/cr01018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, F., C. Jones, and G. Asrar. 2009. “Addressing Climate Information Needs at the Regional Level: The Cordex Framework.” World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Bulletin 58 (3): 175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Grell, G. A. 1993. “Prognostic Evaluation of Assumptions Used by Cumulus Parameterizations.” Monthly Weather Review 121 (3): 764–787. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:peoaub>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, I., P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn, and D. H. Lister. 2014. “Updated High-Resolution Grids of Monthly Climatic Observations - the Cru Ts3.10 Dataset.” International Journal of Climatology 34 (3): 623–642. doi:10.1002/joc.3711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijioka, Y., E. Lin, J. J. Pereira, R. T. Corlett, X. Cui, G. E. Insarov, R. D. Lasco, E. Lindgren, and A. Surjan. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group Ii to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p1327–1370. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holtslag, A. A. M., E. I. F. Debruijn, and H. L. Pan. 1990. “A High-Resolution Air-Mass Transformation Model for Short-Range Weather Forecasting.” Monthly Weather Review 118 (8): 1561–1575. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1561:ahramt>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W. R., J. C. L. Chan, and A. Y. M. Au-Yeung. 2013. “Regional Climate Simulations of Summer Diurnal Rainfall Variations over East Asia and Southeast China.” Climate Dynamics 40 (7–8): 1625–1642. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1457-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im, E. S., J. B. Ahn, A. R. Remedio, and W. T. Kwon. 2008. “Sensitivity of the Regional Climate of East/Southeast Asia to Convective Parameterizations in the Regcm3 Modelling System. Part 1: Focus on the Korean Peninsula.” International Journal of Climatology 28 (14): 1861–1877. doi:10.1002/joc.1664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneng, L., F. Tangang, J. X. Chung, S. T. Ngai, T. W. Tay, G. Narisma, F. Cruz, et al. 2016. “Sensitivity of Southeast Asia Rainfall Simulations to Cumulus and Air-Sea Flux Parameterizations in Regcm4.” Climate Research 69 (1): 59–77. doi:10.3354/cr01386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch. 1998. “The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3.” Journal of Climate 11 (6): 1131–1149. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1131:tncfar>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreft, S., D. Eckstein, and I. Melchior. 2016. Global Climate Risk Index 2017: Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2015 and 1996 to 2015, 1–31. Bonn, Germany: GermanwatchNord-Süd Initiative eV.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.-B., C.-Y. Tam, W.-R. Huang, K. K. W. Cheung, and Z. Gao. 2016. “Evaluating the Impacts of Cumulus, Land Surface and Ocean Surface Schemes on Summertime Rainfall Simulations over East-to-Southeast Asia and the Western North Pacific by Regcm4.” Climate Dynamics 46 (7–8): 2487–2505. doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2714-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinari, J., and M. Dudek. 1992. “Parameterization of Convective Precipitation in Mesoscale Numerical-Models - a Critical-Review.” Monthly Weather Review 120 (2): 326–344. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0326:pocpim>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo-Duc, T., F. T. Tangang, J. Santisirisomboon, F. Cruz, T. T. Long, N. X. Thanh, P. V. Tan, et al. 2017. “Performance Evaluation of Regcm4 in Simulating Extreme Rainfall and Temperature Indices over the Cordex-Southeast Asia Region.” International Journal of Climatology 37 (3): 1634–1647. doi:10.1002/joc.4803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Octaviani, M., and K. Manomaiphiboon. 2011. “Performance of Regional Climate Model Regcm3 over Thailand.” Climate Research 47 (3): 171–186. doi:10.3354/cr00990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleson, K. W., D. W. Lawrence, G. Bonan, B. M. Flanner, G. K. Erik, and P. J. Lawrence. 2010. “Technical Description of Version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (Clm).” NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-478+STR, 257.
   Google Scholar
• Overland, I., and R. Vakulchuk. 2017. “Impact of Climate Change on Asean International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier.” NUPI Report. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Pal, J. S., F. Giorgi, X. Bi, N. Elguindi, F. Solmon, X. Gao, S. A. Rauscher, et al. 2007. “Regional Climate Modeling for the Developing World - the Ictp Regcm3 and Regcnet.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88 (9): 1395–1410. doi:10.1175/bams-88-9-1395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, J. S., E. E. Small, and E. A. B. Eltahir. 2000. “Simulation of Regional-Scale Water and Energy Budgets: Representation of Subgrid Cloud and Precipitation Processes within Regcm.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 105 (D24): 29579–29594. doi:10.1029/2000jd900415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan, V. T., T. Ngo-Duc, and T. M. H. Ho. 2009. “Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Surface Climate Elements over Vietnam.” Climate Research 40 (1): 49–60. doi:10.3354/cr00824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, J. H., and L. Zubair. 2010. “The Effect of Grid Spacing and Domain Size on the Quality of Ensemble Regional Climate Downscaling over South Asia during the Northeasterly Monsoon.” Monthly Weather Review 138 (7): 2780–2802. doi:10.1175/2010mwr3191.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiemann, R., M. E. Demory, M. S. Mizielinski, M. J. Roberts, L. C. Shaffrey, J. Strachan, and P. L. Vidale. 2014. “The Sensitivity of the Tropical Circulation and Maritime Continent Precipitation to Climate Model Resolution.” Climate Dynamics 42 (9–10): 2455–2468. doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1997-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J., C. Kummerow, W. K. Tao, and R. F. Adler. 1996. “On the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM).” Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 60 (1–3): 19–36. doi:10.1007/bf01029783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supari, F. T., T. L. Juneng, and E. Aldrian. 2017. “Observed Changes in Extreme Temperature and Precipitation over Indonesia.” International Journal of Climatology 37 (4): 1979–1997. doi:10.1002/joc.4829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangang, F. T., L. Juneng, and S. Ahmad. 2007. “Trend and Interannual Variability of Temperature in Malaysia: 1961–2002.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 89 (3–4): 127–141. doi:10.1007/s00704-006-0263-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedtke, M. 1989. “A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models.” Monthly Weather Review 117 (8): 1779–1800. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1779:acmfsf>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uppala, S., D. Dee, S. Kobayashi, P. Berrisford, and A. Simmons. 2008. “Towards a Climate Data Assimilation System: Status Update of Era-Interim.” ECMWF Newsletter 115: 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. S., W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson. 1996. “The Impact of Ocean Surface Fluxes on a Toga Coare Convective System.” Monthly Weather Review 124 (12): 2753–2763. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2753:tioosf>2.0.co;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., X. J. Gao, Y. L. Xu, and J. Pan. 2015. “Regional Climate Change and Uncertainty Analysis Based on Four Regional Climate Model Simulations over China.” Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 8 (3): 147–152. doi:10.3878/aosl20150013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T., R. Yu, F. Zhang, Z. Wang, M. Dong, L. Wang, X. Jin, D. Chen, and L. Li. 2010. “The Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model: Description and Its Performance for the Present-Day Climate.” Climate Dynamics 34 (1): 123–147. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0487-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar