Making of a capitalist frontier: tobacco cultivation and changing agrarian relations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

References

• Adnan, S. 2004. Migration, Land Alienation, and Ethnic Conflict: Causes of Poverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Research and Advisory Services.
   Google Scholar
• Adnan, S., and R. Dastidar. 2011. Alienation of the Lands of Indigenous Peoples in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission and International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). Vector Graphics & Printing.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, B. 2017. “Beyond Checkpoints: Identity and Developmental Politics in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.” PhD thes., Australian Catholic University (ACU).
   Google Scholar
• Akhter, F. 2011. “Tobacco Cultivation and Its Impact on Food Production in Bangladesh.” Accessed July 15, 2023. http://ubinig.org/cpdf/21_53.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Akhter, F., D. Buckles, and R. H. Tito. 2014. “Breaking the Dependency on Tobacco Production: Transition Strategies for Bangladesh.” In Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming: Separating Myth from Reality, edited by W. Leppan, N. Lecours, and D. Buckles, 141–187. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi, A. H., and C. Kay. 2010a. “Surveying the Agrarian Question (Part 1): Unearthing Foundations, Exploring Diversity.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (1): 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi, A. H., and C. Kay. 2010b. “Surveying the Agrarian Question (Part 2): Current Debates and Beyond.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (2): 255–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066151003594906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alamgir, F. 2017. “Land Politics in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Dynamics of Property, Identity and Authority.” PhD thes., University of East Anglia and University of Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Amigo, M. F. 2010. “Small Bodies, Large Contribution: Children’s Work in the Tobacco Plantations of Lombok, Indonesia.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11 (1): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210903540393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2000. Bangladesh: Human Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. United Kingdom (Index: ASA 13/01/2000).
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2013. Pushed to the Edge: Indigenous Rights Denied in Bangladesh’s Chittagong Hill Tracts. United Kingdom (Index: ASA 13/005/2013).
   Google Scholar
• Arens, J. 1997. “Winning Hearts and Minds: Foreign Aid and Militarization in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.” Economic and Political Weekly 32 (29): 1811–1819.
   Google Scholar
• Asano-Tamanoi, M. 1988. “Farmers, Industries, and the State: The Culture of Contract Farming in Spain and Japan.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (3): 432–452. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500015322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkat, A., S. Halim, A. Poddar, and M. Badiuzzaman. 2009. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey of Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dhaka: Human Development Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Baud, M. 1995. Peasants and Tobacco in the Dominican Republic, 1870–1930. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beames, J. 1961. Memoirs of a Bengal Civilian. London: Chatto and Windus.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, H. 2010. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bertocci, P. J. 1989. “Resource Development and Ethnic Conflict in Bangladesh: The Case of the Chakmas in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.” In Religious and Ethnic Minority Politics in South Asia, edited by D. Vajpeyi and Y. Malik, 139–173. New Delhi: Manohar.
   Google Scholar
• Bodley, J. H. 1975. Victims of Progress. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, M. 2002. “Health Inequalities: Historical and Cultural Roots of Tobacco Use among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26 (2): 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00903.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, R. 1985. “Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe.” In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe, edited by T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin, 10–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cederlof, G., and K. Sivaramakrishnan, eds. 2005. Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia. Delhi: Permanent Black.
   Google Scholar
• Chakma, P., and S. Tripura. 2010. Parbattya Chattogramer Bhumi Samashya O Paharider Adhikar (Land Problems of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Land Rights of the Paharis). Dhaka: ALRD (Association for Land Reform and Development) (in Bangla).
   Google Scholar
• Chapola, J. 2009. “Labour Migration, Inter-Ethnic Relations, and Empowerment: A Study of Khyang Indigenous Garments Workers, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.” MPhil thes., University of Bergen.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, K. 2008. “Politics of Identities and Resources in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: Ethnonationalism and/or Indigenous Identity.” Asian Journal of Social Science 36 (1): 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853108X267567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, K. 2014. “The Making of Political Forests in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: The State, Development, and Indigeneity.” PhD thes., University of York.
   Google Scholar
• Cons, J., and M. Eilenberg. 2019. “Introduction.” In Frontier Assemblages: The Emergent Politics of Resource Frontiers in Asia, edited by J. Cons and M. Eilenberg, 1–18. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Star. 2019. “3 Indigenous Villages Face Land Grabbing.” 28 July. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/3-indigenous-villages-face-land-grabbing-1777936
   Google Scholar
• Daily Star. 2020. “5-Star Hotel in Bandarban: 6 Mro Villages Will Be Gone.” 13 December. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/5-star-hotel-bandarban-6-mro-villages-will-be-gone-2010393
   Google Scholar
• Gain, P. 2000. Land Disputes in Chittagong Hill Tracts. Diliman, Quezon City: Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) and the International Land Coalition (ILC).
   Google Scholar
• Halim, S., and R. D. Roy. 2006. Lessons Learned from the Application of Human Rights-Based Approaches in the Indigenous Forestry Sector in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: A Case Study of the Village Common Forest Project Implemented by Taungya. Taungya: Rangamati.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. 2004. “The ‘New’ Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession.” Socialist Register 40: 63–87.
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, K. M. 2020. “Farmer’s Response to Tobacco Processing Company in Tobacco Cultivation in Bangladesh.” Annals of Public Health & Epidemiology. Accessed July 3, 2021. https://irispublishers.com/aphe/pdf/APHE.MS.ID.000503.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, M. T. 2014. “Dispossession and Ethnic Identity in Expanding State Space of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.” MPhil thes., University of Bergen.
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, M. T. 2022. Everyday Life of Ready-Made Garment Kormi in Bangladesh: An Ethnography of Neoliberalism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, R. H. S. 1906. An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, R. H. S. 1909. Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteer, Chittagong Hill Tracts. Allahabad: Pioneer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). 2012. Militarization in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: The Slow Demise of the Region’s Indigenous Peoples, Report 14. Copenhagen: IWGIA.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, A. 2013. “The Land Tenure Dynamics in the Post-Conflict Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Political Science Review 09 (01): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Jhala, A. D. 2023. “Dam(n)ing the Hills: Indigeneity, American Aid, and Cold War Politics in the Kaptai Dam, East Pakistan, 1957-1964.” Modern Asian Studies 57 (1): 70–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X21000561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, F. K., and A. L. Khisha. 1970. “Shifting Cultivation in East Pakistan.” The Oriental Geography 14 (01): 24–43.
   Google Scholar
• Kosmin, B. A. 1974. “The Inyoka Tobacco Industry of the Shangwe People: A Case Study of the Displacement of Pre-Colonial Economy in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1938.” African Social Research 17: 554–577.
   Google Scholar
• Lewin, T. H. 1869. The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and Dwellers Therein with Comparative Vocabularies of the Hill Dialect. Calcutta: Bengal Printing Company Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2002. “Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi.” Development and Change 33 (03): 415–437.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2014. Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2017. “After Development: Surplus Population and the Politics of Entitlement.” Development and Change 48 (6): 1247–1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, A. 1884. History of the Relations of the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mey, W., ed. 1984. Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. IWGIA Document #51. Copenhagen: IWGIA.
   Google Scholar
• Mey, W. 2005. “Shifting Cultivation, Images, and Development in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.” In Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia, edited by G. Cederlof and K. Sivaramakrishnan, 255–273. Delhi: Permanent Black.
   Google Scholar
• Mohsin, A. 1997. The Politics of Nationalism: The Case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Mohsin, A. 2003. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: On the Difficult Road to Peace. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Motaleb, M. A., and H. M. Irfanullah. 2010. “Tobacco Cultivation in Bangladesh: Is It a Threat to Traditional Agro-Practices?” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10 (03): 481–485.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreen, Z., and M. Togawa. 2002. “Politics of Development: “Pahari-Bengali” Discourse in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.” Journal of International Development and Cooperation 09 (01): 97–112.
   Google Scholar
• Parveen, S., and I. M. Faisal. 2002. “People versus Power: The Geopolitics of Kaptai Dam in Bangladesh.” International Journal of Water Resources Development 18 (1): 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620220121756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRI (Policy Research Institute). n.d. “Tobacco Cultivation: An Assessment of Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts.” https://swedwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/appendix_j_pri_socio-economic-environmental_impact_study.pdf
   Google Scholar
• PROGGA. n.d. “Tobacco Companies’ Aggression and Ill Tactics to Boom Tobacco Cultivation in Bangladesh.” http://progga.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/TI-Aggressions-Tactics-to-expand-Tobacco-Cultivation-in-Bangladesh_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rasul, G. 2007. “Political Ecology of Degradation of Forest Commons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.” Environmental Conservation 34 (2): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892907003888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasul, G., and G. B. Thapa. 2005. State Policies, Praxies and Land-Use in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, R. C. K. 2000. Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA).
   Google Scholar
• Roy, R. D. 1997. “The Population Transfer Program of 1980s and the Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.” In Living on the Edge: Essays on the Chittagong Hill Tracts, edited by S. Bhaumik, M. Guhaṭhakurata, and S. B. R. Chaudhury, 167–208. Kathmandu: South Asia Forum for Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, R. D. 2000. “Occupations and Economy in Transition: A Case Study of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.” In Traditional Occupations of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: Emerging Trends, edited by International Labour Organization (ILO), 73–122. Switzerland: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, R. D. 2004. “The Politics of Safeguarding Traditional Resource Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: An Indigenous Perspective.” Paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP) on Challenges of Globalizing Commons and Indigenous Peoples of the Eastern Himalayan Region, Oaxaca, Mexico, 12 August 2004 (mimeo).
   Google Scholar
• Roy, R. D., and S. Halim. 2001. “A Critique to the Forest (Amendment) Act of 2000 and the (Draft) Social Forestry Rules of 2000.” In The Forest (Amendment) Act 2000 and the (Draft) Social Forestry Rules, 2000, edited by P. Gain, 5–45. Dhaka: Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD).
   Google Scholar
• Russell, A. 2019. Anthropology of Tobacco: Ethnographic Adventures in Non-Human Worlds. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schendel, W. V., W. Mey, and A. K. Dewan. 2001. The Chittagong Hill Tracts: Living in the Borderland. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Schmink, M., and C. Wood. 1992. Contested Frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana, N. N., N. Nazir, M. A. Jabed, and A. Paul. 2020. “Environmental Damage and Land Use Change from Tobacco Farming: A Spatio-Temporal Study in Bandarban, Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Research 11: 22–37.
   Google Scholar
• Tsing, A. 1993. In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an out-of-the-Way Place. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsing, A. L. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, W. E. 1966. “Land Capacity Classification and Land Use Planning in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of East Pakistan.” Proceedings of the Sixth World Forestry Congress, 3. Madrid.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. 1986. “The Political Economy of Contract Farming.” Review of Radical Political Economics 18 (4): 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/048661348601800403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. 1969. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, E. M. 2002. The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar