RNA interference in C. elegans: History, application, and perspectives

References

• Aoki , K , Moriguchi , H , Yoshioka , T , Okawa , K and Tabara , H . 2007 . In vitro analyses of the production and activity of secondary small interfering RNAs in C. elegans . EMBO J. , 26 : 5007 – 5019 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashrafi , K , Chang , FY , Watts , JL , Fraser , AG , Kamath , RS , Ahringer , J and Ruvkun , G . 2003 . Genome‐wide RNAi analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans fat regulatory genes. . Nature , 421 : 268 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastin , P , Ellis , K , Kohl , L and Gull , K . 2000 . Flagellum ontogeny in trypanosomes studied via an inherited and regulated RNA interference system . J Cell Sci , 113 (Pt 18) : 3321 – 3328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein , E , Caudy , AA , Hammond , SM and Hannon , GJ . 2001 . Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. . Nature , 409 : 363 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , CF and Meyerowitz , EM . 2000 . Specific and heritable genetic interference by double‐stranded RNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 97 : 4985 – 4990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillin , A , Crawford , DK and Kenyon , C . 2002 . Timing requirements for insulin/IGF‐1 signaling in C. elegans . Science , 298 : 830 – 834 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elbashir , SM , Harborth , J , Lendeckel , W , Yalcin , A , Weber , K and Tuschl , T . 2001 . Duplexes of 21‐nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. . Nature , 411 : 494 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fire , A , Xu , S , Montgomery , MK , Kostas , SA , Driver , SE and Mello , CC . 1998 . Potent and specific genetic interference by double‐stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans . Nature , 391 : 806 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , AG , Kamath , RS , Zipperlen , P , Martinez‐Campos , M , Sohrmann , M and Ahringer , J . 2000 . Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference. . Nature , 408 : 325 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , J and Esteban , M . 2000 . Induction of apoptosis by the dsRNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR): mechanism of action. . Apoptosis , 5 : 107 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk , A , Almedom , RB , Schedletzky , T , Anderson , SD , Yates , JR 3rd and Schafer , WR . 2005 . Identification and characterization of novel nicotinic receptor‐associated proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans . EMBO J , 24 : 2566 – 2578 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grishok , A , Sinskey , JL and Sharp , PA . 2005 . Transcriptional silencing of a transgene by RNAi in the soma of C. elegans . Genes Dev , 19 : 683 – 696 .
   Google Scholar
• Grishok , A , Tabara , H and Mello , CC . 2000 . Genetic requirements for inheritance of RNAi in C. elegans . Science , 287 : 2494 – 2497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , S and Kemphues , KJ . 1995 . par‐1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed. . Cell , 81 : 611 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon , GJ . 2002 . RNA interference. . Nature , 418 : 244 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , M , Kwon , JY , Shim , J and Lee , J . 2004 . Differential hypoxia response of hsp‐16 genes in the nematode. . J Mol Biol , 344 : 369 – 381 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorgensen , R . 1990 . Altered gene expression in plants due to trans interactions between homologous genes . Trends Biotechnol , 8 : 340 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath , RS and Ahringer , J . 2003 . Genome‐wide RNAi screening in Caenorhabditis elegans . Methods , 30 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath , RS , Martinez‐Campos , M , Zipperlen , P , Fraser , AG and Ahringer , J . 2001 . Effectiveness of specific RNA‐mediated interference through ingested double‐stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans . Genome Biol , 2 RESEARCH0002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman , RJ . 1999 . Double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase mediates virus‐induced apoptosis: a new role for an old actor. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 96 : 11693 – 11695 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy , S , Wang , D and Ruvkun , G . 2004 . A conserved siRNA‐degrading RNase negatively regulates RNA interference in C. elegans . Nature , 427 : 645 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennerdell , JR and Carthew , RW . 1998 . Use of dsRNA‐mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway. . Cell , 95 : 1017 – 1026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennerdell , JR and Carthew , RW . 2000 . Heritable gene silencing in Drosophila using double‐stranded RNA. . Nat Biotechnol , 18 : 896 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , SS , Lee , RY , Fraser , AG , Kamath , RS , Ahringer , J and Ruvkun , G . 2003 . A systematic RNAi screen identifies a critical role for mitochondria in C. elegans longevity. . Nat Genet , 33 : 40 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , MK and Fire , A . 1998 . Double‐stranded RNA as a mediator in sequence‐specific genetic silencing and co‐suppression. . Trends Genet , 14 : 255 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano , H , Amemiya , S , Shiokawa , K and Taira , M . 2000 . RNA interference for the organizer‐specific gene Xlim‐1 in Xenopus embryos. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 274 : 434 – 439 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ngo , H , Tschudi , C , Gull , K and Ullu , E . 1998 . Double‐stranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 95 : 14687 – 14692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noma , K , Sugiyama , T , Cam , H , Verdel , A , Zofall , M , Jia , S , Moazed , D and Grewal , SI . 2004 . RITS acts in cis to promote RNA interference‐mediated transcriptional and post‐transcriptional silencing. . Nat Genet , 36 : 1174 – 1180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak , J and Fire , A . 2007 . Distinct populations of primary and secondary effectors during RNAi in C. elegans . Science , 315 : 241 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , VJ , Sijen , T , van Wolfswinkel , J and Plasterk , RH . 2005 . Chromatin and RNAi factors protect the C. elegans germline against repetitive sequences. . Genes Dev , 19 : 782 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano , N and Macino , G . 1992 . Quelling: transient inactivation of gene expression in Neurospora crassa by transformation with homologous sequences. . Mol Microbiol , 6 : 3343 – 3353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijen , T , Fleenor , J , Simmer , F , Thijssen , KL , Parrish , S , Timmons , L , Plasterk , RH and Fire , A . 2001 . On the role of RNA amplification in dsRNA‐triggered gene silencing. . Cell , 107 : 465 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmer , F , Moorman , C , van der Linden , AM , Kuijk , E , van den Berghe , PV , Kamath , RS , Fraser , AG , Ahringer , J and Plasterk , RH . 2003 . Genome‐wide RNAi of C. elegans using the hypersensitive rrf‐3 strain reveals novel gene functions . PLoS Biol , 1 : E12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmer , F , Tijsterman , M , Parrish , S , Koushika , SP , Nonet , ML , Fire , A , Ahringer , J and Plasterk , RH . 2002 . Loss of the putative RNA‐directed RNA polymerase RRF‐3 makes C. elegans hypersensitive to RNAi. . Curr Biol , 12 : 1317 – 1319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smardon , A , Spoerke , JM , Stacey , SC , Klein , ME , Mackin , N and Maine , EM . 2000 . EGO‐1 is related to RNA‐directed RNA polymerase and functions in germ‐line development and RNA interference in C. elegans . Curr Biol , 10 : 169 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabara , H , Grishok , A and Mello , CC . 1998 . RNAi in C. elegans: soaking in the genome sequence. . Science , 282 : 430 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavernarakis , N , Wang , SL , Dorovkov , M , Ryazanov , A and Driscoll , M . 2000 . Heritable and inducible genetic interference by double‐stranded RNA encoded by transgenes. . Nat Genet , 24 : 180 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tijsterman , M , Ketting , RF , Okihara , KL , Sijen , T and Plasterk , RH . 2002 . RNA helicase MUT‐14‐dependent gene silencing triggered in C. elegans by short antisense RNAs. . Science , 295 : 694 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons , L and Fire , A . 1998 . Specific interference by ingested dsRNA . Nature , 395 : 854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons , L , Tabara , H , Mello , CC and Fire , AZ . 2003 . Inducible systemic RNA silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans . Mol Biol Cell , 14 : 2972 – 2983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaucheret , H , Beclin , C , Elmayan , T , Feuerbach , F , Godon , C , Morel , JB , Mourrain , P , Palauqui , JC and Vernhettes , S . 1998 . Transgene‐induced gene silencing in plants. . Plant J , 16 : 651 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , D , Kennedy , S , Conte , D Jr , Kim , JK , Gabel , HW , Kamath , RS , Mello , CC and Ruvkun , G . 2005 . Somatic misexpression of germline P granules and enhanced RNA interference in retinoblastoma pathway mutants. . Nature , 436 : 593 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse , PM , Graham , MW and Wang , MB . 1998 . Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 95 : 13959 – 13964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wianny , F and Zernicka‐Goetz , M . 2000 . Specific interference with gene function by double‐stranded RNA in early mouse development. . Nat Cell Biol , 2 : 70 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamore , PD , Tuschl , T , Sharp , PA and Bartel , DP . 2000 . RNAi: double‐stranded RNA directs the ATP‐dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. . Cell , 101 : 25 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipperlen , P , Fraser , AG , Kamath , RS , Martinez‐Campos , M and Ahringer , J . 2001 . Roles for 147 embryonic lethal genes on C.elegans chromosome I identified by RNA interference and video microscopy. . EMBO J , 20 : 3984 – 3992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 82–2–880–6701; Fax: 82–2–877–2661 E‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar