332
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Effects of repeated retrieval on long-term retention in a nonverbal learning task in younger children

, &
Pages 533-544 | Received 17 Aug 2016, Accepted 09 Sep 2016, Published online: 22 Dec 2016

References

  • Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (Vol. 2, pp. 35–67). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2008). Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing. Memory & Cognition, 36, 604–616.10.3758/MC.36.3.604
  • Carpenter, S. K. (2011). Semantic information activated during retrieval contributes to later retention: Support for the mediator effectiveness hypothesis of the testing effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 1547–1552.
  • Carpenter, S. K., & Delosh, E. L. (2006). Impoverished cue support enhances subsequent retention: Support for the elaborative retrieval explanation of the testing effect. Memory & Cognition, 34, 268–276.10.3758/BF03193405
  • Carpenter, S. K., & Kelly, J. W. (2012). Tests enhance retention and transfer of spatial learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 443–448.10.3758/s13423-012-0221-2
  • Carpenter, S. K., & Pashler, H. (2007). Testing beyond words: Using tests to enhance visuospatial map learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 443–448.
  • Carpenter, S. K. (2009). Cue strength as a moderator of the testing effect: The benefits of elaborative retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1563–1569.
  • Cohen, R. L. (1989). Memory for action events: The power of enactment. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 57–80.10.1007/BF01326550
  • Coppens, L. C., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Rikers, M. J. P. (2011). Learning Adinkra symbols: The effect of testing. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 351–357.10.1080/20445911.2011.507188
  • Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., Nolan, D., & Singleton, J. (2007). Expanding retrieval practice: An effective aid to preschool children’s learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 991–1004.10.1080/17470210600823595
  • Gillner, S., & Mallot, H. A. (1998). Navigation and acquisition of spatial knowledge in a virtual maze. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 445–463.10.1162/089892998562861
  • Glover, J. A. (1989). The “testing” phenomenon: Not gone but nearly forgotten. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 392–399.10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.392
  • Golledge, R. G. (1991). Cognition of physical and built environments. In T. R. Garling & W. Evans (Eds.), Environment, cognition, and acrion: An integrated approach (pp. 35–62). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Goossens, N. A. M. C., Camp, G., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Tabbers, H. K., & Zwaan, R. A. (2014). The benefit of retrieval practice over elaborative restudy in primary school vocabulary learning. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 177–182.10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.05.003
  • Hartley, T., Maguire, E. A., Spiers, H. J., & Burgess, N. (2003). The well-worn route and the path less traveled. Neuron, 37, 877–888.10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00095-3
  • Hogan, R. M., & Kintsch, W. (1971). Differential effects of study and test trials on long-term recognition and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 562–567.10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80029-4
  • Karpicke, J. D., Lehman, M., & Aue, W. R. (2014). Retrieval-based learning: An episodic context account. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 61, pp. 237–284). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. Ⅲ. (2007). Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 704–719.
  • Kelley, J. W., Carpenter, S. K., & Sjolund, L. A. (2015). Retrieval enhances route knowledge acquisition, but only when movement errors are prevented. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 41, 1540–1547.
  • Kornell, N., Bjork, R. A., & Garcia, M. A. (2011). Why tests appear to prevent forgetting: A distribution-based bifurcation model. Journal of Memory and Language, 65, 85–97.10.1016/j.jml.2011.04.002
  • Kulhavy, R. W., & Stock, W. A. (1989). Feedback in written instruction: The place of response certitude. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 279–308.10.1007/BF01320096
  • Lipowski, S. L., Pyc, M. A., Dunlosky, J., & Rawson, K. A. (2014). Establishing and explaining the testing effect in free recall for young children. Developmental Psychology, 50, 994–1000.10.1037/a0035202
  • Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S., Kerr, E., & Weedon, E. (2001). The implicit benefit of learning without errors. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54, 1049–1068.10.1080/713756014
  • Morris, P. E., Fritz, C. O., Jackson, L., Nichol, E., & Roberts, E. (2005). Strategies for learning proper names: Expanding retrieval practice, meaning and imagery. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 779–798.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0720
  • Newcombe, N. S. (2010). Picture this: Increasing math and science learning by improving spatial thinking. American Educator, 34, 29–43.
  • Nilsson, L. G. (2000). Remembering actions and words. In F. I. M. Craik & E. Tulving (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 137–148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Page, M., Wilson, B. A., Shiel, A., Carter, G., & Norris, D. (2006). What is the locus of the errorless-learning advantage? Neuropsychologia, 44, 90–100.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.004
  • Pashler, H., Cepeda, N. J., Rohrer, D., & Wixted, J. T. (2005). When does feedback facilitate learning of words? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 31, 3–8.
  • Pastötter, B., & Bäuml, K.-H. (2014). Retrieval practice enhances new learning: The forward effect of testing. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–5.
  • Pyc, M. A., & Rawson, K. A. (2010). Why testing improves memory: Mediator effectiveness hypothesis. Science, 330, 335.10.1126/science.1191465
  • Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006a). The power of testing memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 181–210.10.1111/ppsc.2006.1.issue-3
  • Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006b). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17, 249–255.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
  • Rohrer, D., Taylor, K., & Sholar, B. (2010). Tests enhance the transfer of learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 36, 233–239.
  • Rowland, C. A. (2014). The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 143–1463.
  • Spelke, E. S., Lee, S. A., & Izard, V. (2010). Beyond core knowledge: Natural geometry. Cognitive Science, 34, 863–884.10.1111/cogs.2010.34.issue-5
  • Toppino, T. C., & Cohen, M. S. (2009). The testing effect and the retention interval. Experimental Psychology, 56, 252–257.10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.252
  • Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 352–402.10.1037/a0028446
  • Wheeler, M. A., Ewers, M., & Buonanno, J. F. (2003). Different rates of forgetting following study versus test trials. Memory, 11, 571–580.10.1080/09658210244000414
  • Zimmer, H. D., Cohen, R. L., Guynn, M. J., Engelkamp, J., Kormi-Nouri, R., & Foley, M. (2001). Memory for action: A distinct form of episodic memory? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.