An ‘attractive alternative way of wielding power’? Revealing hidden gender ideologies in the portrayal of women Heads of State during the COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Aaldering, L., & Van der Pas, D. J. (2020). Political leadership in the media: Gender bias in leader stereotypes during campaign and routine times. British Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 911–931. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich, A. S., & Lotito, N. J. (2020). Pandemic performance: Women leaders in the COVID-19 crisis. Politics & Gender, 16(4), 960–967. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M., & Spicer, A. (2014). Critical perspectives on leadership. In D. Day (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organization (pp. 40–56). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum, S. H., Audet, L., & Miller, J. C. (2003). Gender and leadership? Leadership and gender? A journey through the landscape of theories. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 43–51.
   Google Scholar
• Batha, E. (2021). Want a stronger world after COVID-19? Choose more women leaders. Thomson Reuters Foundation, 1. February. Available at: https://news.trust.org/item/20210201125923-5zdry/
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, J. (2018). Women leaders and gendered stereotyping in the UK Press: A poststructuralist approach. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bear, A., & Agner, R. (2020). Why countries with female leaders have responded well to the pandemic. U.S. News, 8 March. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2021-03-08/why-countries-with-female-leaders-have-responded-well-to-the-pandemic (accessed 31 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Bell, E., & Sinclair, A. (2016). Bodies, sexualities and women leaders in popular culture: From spectacle to metapicture. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31(5/6), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-10-2014-0096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengoechea, M. (2011). How effective is ‘femininity’? Media portrayals of the effectiveness of the first Spanish Woman Defence Minister. Gender and Language, 5(2), 405–429. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i2.405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brescoll, V. L. (2016). Leading with their hearts? How gender stereotypes of emotion lead to biased evaluations of female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, D., & Shaw, S. (2016). Gender, power and political speech: Women and language in the 2015 UK General Election. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Campus, D. (2013). Women political leaders and the media. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Clifton, J. S., Schnurr, S., & Van de Mieroop, D. (2020). The language of leadership narratives. A social practice perspective. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power. Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Deane, N. (2021, 8 March). Leaders of the pack: A history of girl groups. Udiscovermusic. https://www.udiscovermusic.com/in-depth-features/the-power-of-girl-groups/
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(14), 807–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.004
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, J. K. (2004). The paradox of postheroic leadership: An essay on gender, power, and transformational change. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(5), 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. (2006). Discourses of leadership: Gender, identity and contradiction in a UK public sector organization. Leadership, 2(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715006060654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Blanco, I., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). The discursive construction of women politicians in the European press. Feminist Media Studies, 12(3), 422–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.615636
   Google Scholar
• Garikipati, S., & Kambhampati, U. (2021). Leading the fight against the pandemic: Does gender really matter?. Feminist Economics, 27(1–2), 401–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. (1992). Men are from Mars, women are from Venus: A practical guide for improving communication and getting what you want in your relationships. Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Goswami, N. (2020). Have female CEOs coped better with Covid than men? BBC, 20 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54974132 (accessed 31 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Grint, K. (2010). Leadership: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henley, J., & Roy, E. A. (2020). Are female leaders more successful at managing the coronavirus crisis? The Guardian, 25 April. Available at:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/why-do-female-leaders-seem-to-be-more-successful-at-managing-the-coronavirus-crisis (accessed 31 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work: Constructing social identity through workplace interaction. Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt, C. L., & Burnette, J. L. (2013). Gender bias in leader evaluations: Merging implicit theories and role congruity perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1306–1319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213493643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittilson, M. C., & Fridkin, K. (2008). Gender, candidate portrayals and election campaigns: A comparative perspective. Politics and Gender, 4(3), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X08000330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, H., & An, J. (2016). Revealing the hidden patterns of news photos: Analysis of millions of news photos through GDELT and deep learning-based vision APIs. Paper presented at the 1st workshop on News and public opinion (NECO’16) colocated with the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany, May 17-20. https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04531
   Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies, 4(2), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900701464816
   Google Scholar
• Machin, D. (2004). Building the world’s visual language: The increasing global importance of image banks in corporate media. Visual Communication, 3(3), 316–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357204045785
   Google Scholar
• Mavin, S., Bryans, P., & Cunningham, R. (2010). Fed-up with Blair’s babes, Gordon’s gals, Cameron’s cuties, Nick’s nymphets: Challenging gendered media representations of women political leaders. Gender in Management, 25(7), 550–569. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011081365
   Google Scholar
• Mullany, L., & Schnurr, S. (2022). Globalisation, geopolitics and gender: Key issues for professional communication. In L. Mullany, & S. Schnurr (Eds.), Globalisation, geopolitics and gender: Professional communication at work (pp. 1–17). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mullany, L., & Yoong, M. (2017). Gender and the workplace. In B. Vine (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language in the workplace (pp. 310–322). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, S., Kenix, L. J., & Thorson, E. (2007). Stereotypical portrayals of emotionality in news photos. Mass Communication and Society, 10(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430709337007
   Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, C. (2014). The rise of neoliberal feminism. Cultural Studies, 28(3), 418–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.857361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandoiu, A. (2020). COVID-19: Is it time for male leaders to ‘lean out’? Medical News Today, 4 December. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-is-it-time-for-male-leaders-to-lean-out#1
   Google Scholar
• Schnurr, S. (2022). 'A financially independent woman is a gift to any nation': Exploring the sociolinguistics of family and work in leadership stories around the world. In L. Mullany & S. Schnurr (Eds.), Globalisation, geopolitics, and gender in professional communication (pp. 17–40). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schnurr, S., & Mak, B. (2010). Leadership in Hong Kong: Is gender really not an issue? Gender & Language, 5(2), 337–364. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i2.343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheerin, C., & Garavan, T. (2022). Female leaders as ‘Superwomen’: Post-global financial crisis media framing of women and leadership in investment banking in UK print media 2014–2016. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 86, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2021.102307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered discourses. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. William Morrow.
   Google Scholar
• Taub, A. (2020). Why are women-led nations doing better with Covid-19? The New York Times, 15 May. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/world/coronavirus-women-leaders.html (accessed 31 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Tischner, I., Malson, H., & Fey, K. (2021). Leading ladies: Discursive constructions of women leaders in the UK media. Feminist Media Studies, 21(3), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1640266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, C. (2015). Media capital or media deficit?: Representations of women in leadership roles in old and new media. Feminist Media Studies, 15(6), 1025–1034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenham, C., and Herten-Crabb, A. (2021). It's a distraction to focus on the success of individual women leaders during Covid. Mirage news, 11 May. Available at: https://www.miragenews.com/its-a-distraction-to-focus-on-success-of-558010/.
   Google Scholar
• Windsor, L. C., Yannitell Reinhardt, G., Windsor, A. J., Ostergard, R., Allen, S., Burns, C., Giger, J., & Wood, R. (2020). Gender in the time of COVID-19: Evaluating national leadership and COVID-19 fatalities. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0244531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Cox, A. (2020). What do countries with the best coronavirus responses have in common? Women leaders. Forbes, 13 April. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/avivahwittenbergcox/2020/04/13/what-do-countries-with-the-best-coronavirus-reponses-have-in-common-women-leaders/?sh=4c6eca793dec (accessed 31 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2020). Research: Women are better leaders during a crisis. Harvard Business Review, 30, 1645–1671.
   Google Scholar