Be the pain-attacking offensive midfielder – local anaesthetic blocks every practice can utilise

References

• Barker, M. (2013a). Local anaesthesia – Part 1 regional anaesthesia of the head. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 28, 396–399.10.1111/vnj.12092
   Google Scholar
• Barker, M. (2014b). Local anaesthesia – Part 2: Regional anaesthesia of the thoracic limb. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 29, 47–50.10.1111/vnj.12110
   Google Scholar
• Bazin, J. E., Massoni, C., Bruelle, P., Fenies, V., Groslier, D., & Schoeffler, P. (1997, September). The addition of opioids to local anaesthetics in brachial plexus block: The comparative effects of morphine, buprenorphine and sufentanil. Anaesthesia, 52, 858–862.10.1111/ana.1997.52.issue-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer, K. (2006, April). Local analgesic techniques in small animals. In Practice, 28, 200–207.10.1136/inpract.28.4.200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgeat, A., & Aguirre, J. (2010). Update on local anesthetics. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 23, 466–471.10.1097/ACO.0b013e328339eef2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth, J. F., & Strichartz, G. R. (1990). Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: A review. Anesthesiology, 72, 711–734.10.1097/00000542-199004000-00022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoy, L., & Mahler, S. (2013b). The pelvic limb. In L. Campoy & M. Read (Eds.), Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (pp. 215–217). Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Campoy, L., & Read, M. R. (2013a). The thoracic limb. In Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (pp. 146–147). Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118783382
   Google Scholar
• Candido, K. D., Winnie, A. P., Ghaleb, A. H., Fattouh, M. W., & Franco, C. D. (2002). Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus block prolongs postoperative analgesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 27, 162–167.10.1097/00115550-200203000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassuto, J., Sinclair, R., & Bonderovic, M. (2006). Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 50, 265–282.10.1111/aas.2006.50.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covey‐Crump, G. (2016a). Regional anesthetic blocks of the limbs. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, G. Covey-Crump, & F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (p. 56). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Covey‐Crump, G. (2016b). Regional anesthetic blocks of the limbs. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, G. Covey-Crump, & F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (p. 66). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Covey‐Crump, G. (2016c) Regional anesthetic blocks of the limbs. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, G. Covey-Crump, & F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (p. 70). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dillane, D., & Tsui, B. (2012). Is there still a place for the use of nerve stimulation? Pediatric Anesthesia, 22, 102–108.10.1111/pan.2011.22.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, T. (2000). Local and regional anesthetic and analgesic techniques in the dog and cat: Part I. Pharmacology of local anesthetics and topical anesthesia. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 41, 883–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. (2010). Novel uses of local anesthetics for perioperative pain control. Proceedings 82nd Western Veterinary Conference, February 14–18, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. (2017). Ketamine and local anesthetics review. VIN IVAPM core review week 2 neuropharmacology 1. Retrieved June 29, 2017 from www.vin.com/Members/CMS/Project/DefaultAdv1.aspx?pId=18482&catId=98940&id=8077032
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, M., & Grubb, T. (2017). Concept to clinic: New rules of local anesthetics. Proceedings Western Veterinary Conference, 89th Annual Conference, Las Vegas, NV, March 5–9, S27FP.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. E., Rodan, I., Griffenhagen, G., Kadrlik, J., Petty, M. C., Robertson, S. A., & Simpson, W. (2015). 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 51, 67–84.10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, D. J., Pither, C., & Raj, P. P. (1984). Comparison of insulated and uninsulated needles for locating peripheral nerves with a peripheral nerve stimulator. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 63, 925–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M. E., Shaffran, N., Spelts, K., Liss, D., McNerney, T., Farry, T., … Dupre, J. L. (2015a). Locoregional analgesic blocking techniques. In M. E. Goldberg, & N. Shaffran (Eds.), Pain management for veterinary technicians and nurses (1st ed., pp. 75–76). Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M. E., Shaffran, N., Spelts, K., Liss, D., McNerney, T., Farry, T., … Dupre, J. L. (2015b). Locoregional analgesic blocking techniques. In M. E. Goldberg, & N. Shaffran (Eds.), Pain management for veterinary technicians and nurses (1st ed., pp. 80–81). Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gracis, M. (2013). The oral cavity. In L. Campoy, & M. R. Read (Eds.), Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (pp. 119–140). Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118783382
   Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, S., Bellows, J., Juriga, S., Knutson, K., Niemiec, B. A., & Perrone, J. (2013). American veterinary dental college. 2013 AAHA dental care guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 49, 75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. M., Saint John, B. E., & Dine, A. P. (2008, April). Local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents: A review. Surgical Infections, 9, 205–213. 10.1089/sur.2007.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerch, P. (2016a). Introduction. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, & G. Covey-Crump, F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (p. 8). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9781119159490
   Google Scholar
• Lerch, P. (2016b). Introduction. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, G. Covey-Crump, & F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (p. 9). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9781119159490
   Google Scholar
• Love, L., & Egger, C. (2009, February 28) Nerve location through electrical nerve stimulation. Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved July 14, 2017 from https://veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com/nerve-location-through-electrical-nerve-stimulation
   Google Scholar
• MacDougall, L. M., Hethey, J. A., Livingston A., Clark, C., Shmon, C. L., Duke-Novakovski, T. (2009, September). Antinociceptive, cardiopulmonary, and sedative effects of five intravenous infusion rates of lidocaine in conscious dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36, 512–522.10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00480.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler, S. P., & Adogwa, A. O. (2008). Anatomical and experimental studies of brachial plexus, sciatic, and femoral nerve-location using peripheral nerve stimulation in the dog. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 35, 80–89.10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00356.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, K., Kronen, P. W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P. V. M., … Yamashita, K. (2014). Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA global pain council. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 55(6), E10–E68.10.1111/jsap.12200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, G. C., & Megalla S. A. Habib, A. S. (2010, June 18). Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs, 70, 1149–1163.10.2165/10898560-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hearn, A. K., & Wright, B. D. (2011). Coccygeal epidural with local anesthetic for catheterization and pain management in the treatment of feline urethral obstruction. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 21, 50–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orebaugh, S. L., Williams, B. A., & Kentor, M. L. (2007). Ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation reduces the time necessary for resident peripheral nerve blockade. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 32, 448–454.10.1097/00115550-200709000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orebaugh, S. L., Williams, B. A., Vallejo, M., & Kentor, M. L. (2009). Adverse outcomes associated with stimulator-based peripheral nerve blocks with versus without ultrasound visualization. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 34, 251–255.10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181a3438e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raw, R. M., Read, M. R., & Campoy, L. (2013). Peripheral nerve stimulators. In L. Campoy, & M. R. Read (Eds.), Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (1st ed., pp. 65–76). Ames, IA: John Wiley& Sons.10.1002/9781118783382
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, K. (2013a). History of regional anesthesia. In L. Campoy, & M. R. Read (Eds.), Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (pp. 1–9). Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, K. (2013b) History of regional anesthesia. In L. Campoy & M. R. Read (Eds.), Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia (1st ed., pp. 3–9). Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Steffey, E. P., & Booth, N. H. (1995). Local anesthetics. In H. R. Adams (Ed.), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed., pp. 358–371). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taboada, F. M. (2016). Blocks of the head. In P. Lerche, T. K. Aarnes, G. Covey-Crump, & F. M. Taboada (Eds.), Handbook of small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques(p. 50). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Trimble, T., & Leece, E. A. (2016). Essential local anaesthetic blocks for small animal practice: The limbs. Companion Animal, 21, 496–503.10.12968/coan.2016.21.9.496
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. R., Chouinard, P., Arcand, G., Harris, P., Ruel, M., Boudreault, D., & Girard, F. (2003). Ultrasound guidance speeds execution and improves the quality of supraclavicular block. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 97, 1518–1523.10.1213/01.ANE.0000086730.09173.CA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, T. M., & Muir, W. (2003). Local anesthetics: Pharmacology and novel applications. Compendium, 25(12), 916–927.
   Google Scholar