1,605
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Growth and Convergence in Income Per Capita and Income Inequality in the Regions of the EU

Pages 343-370 | Received 01 Jun 2008, Published online: 23 Sep 2009

References

  • Abreu , M. , De Groot , H. L. & Florax , R. J. 2005 Space and Growth: a Survey of Empirical Evidence and Methods , Région et Development, 21 .
  • Aghion , P. , Caroli , E. and Garcia-Penalosa , C. 1999 . Inequality and economic growth: the perspective of the new growth theories . Journal of Economic Literature , 37 ( 4 ) : 1615 – 1660 .
  • Akaike , H. 1974 . New look at statistical model identification . IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, A , C19 ( 6 ) : 716 – 723 .
  • Anselin , L. 1988a Spatial econometrics: methods and models , Studies in Operational Regional Science Kluwer , Dordrecht and Boston .
  • Anselin , L. 1988b . Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity . Geographical Analysis , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
  • Anselin , L. 2000 Spatial econometrics , in: B. H. Baltagi A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics , pp. 310 – 330 , Blackwell , Oxford and Malden, MA .
  • Anselin , L. , Bera , A. K. , Florax , R. J. G. M. and Yoon , M. J. 1996 . Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 26 ( 1 ) : 77 – 104 .
  • Anselin , L. & Florax , R. J. G. M. 1995 Small sample properties of tests for spatial dependence in regression models , in: L. Anselin & R. J. G. M. Florax New Directions in Spatial Econometrics , Advances in Spatial Science , pp. 21 – 74 , Berlin and New York , Springer .
  • Anselin , L. and Griffith , D. A. 1988 . Do spatial effects really matter in regression analysis? . Papers of the Regional Science Association , 65 : 11 – 34 .
  • Anselin , L. and Rey , S. 1991 . Properties of tests for spatial dependence in linear regression models . Geographical Analysis , 23 ( 2 ) : 112 – 131 .
  • Armstrong , H. W. 2002 European Union regional policy: reconciling the convergence and evaluation evidence , in: J. R. Cuadrado-Roura & M. Parellada Regional Convergence in the European Union: Facts, Prospects, and Policies , pp. 211 – 230 , Berlin and New York , Springer .
  • Audretsch , D. B. and Feldman , M. P. 2004 . “ Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation ” . In Handbook of Regional and urban economics , Edited by: Henderson , J. V. and Thisse , J.-F. 2713 – 2739 . Amsterdam, North-Holland .
  • Baltagi , B. H. 2005 Econometric Analysis of Panel Data , 3rd edn , John Wiley , Chichester .
  • Banerjee , A. V. and Duflo , E. 2003 . Inequality and growth: what can the data say? . Journal of Economic Growth , 8 ( 3 ) : 267 – 299 .
  • Barro , R. J. 1991 . Economic growth in a cross-section of countries . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 106 ( 2 ) : 407 – 443 .
  • Barro , R. J. 2000 . Inequality and growth in a panel of countries . Journal of Economic Growth , 5 ( 1 ) : 5 – 32 .
  • Barro , R. J. and Sala-i-Martin , X. 1991 . Convergence across states and regions . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 1 : 107 – 182 .
  • Barro , R. J. and Sala-i-Martin , X. 1992 . Convergence . Journal of Political Economy , 100 ( 2 ) : 223 – 251 .
  • Baumol , W. J. 1986 . Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data show . American Economic Review , 76 ( 5 ) : 1072 – 1085 .
  • Bénabou , R. 1996 Inequality and Growth , NBER Working Paper 5658 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Cambridge, MA .
  • Bertola , G. , Foellmi , R. & Zweimüller , J. 2006 Income Distribution in Macroeconomic Models , Princeton University Press , Princeton .
  • Branstetter , L. G. 2001 . Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope? Microeconometric evidence from the US and Japan . Journal of International Economics , 53 ( 1 ) : 53 – 79 .
  • Breusch , T. S. and Pagan , A. R. 1979 . Simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation . Econometrica , 47 ( 5 ) : 1287 – 1294 .
  • Breusch , T. S. and Pagan , A. R. 1980 . The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics . Review of Economic Studies , 47 ( 1 ) : 239 – 253 .
  • Buckle , R. A. & Cruickshank , A. A. 2007 The Challenge of Structural Change in APEC Economies , New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 07/06 .
  • Burridge , P. 1981 . Testing for a common factor in a spatial autoregression model . Environment and Planning A , 13 ( 7 ) : 795 – 800 .
  • Cliff , A. D. & Ord , J. K. 1981 Spatial Processes: Models & Applications , London , Pion .
  • Cuadrado-Roura , J. R. 2001 . Regional convergence in the European Union: from hypothesis to the actual trends . Annals of Regional Science , 35 ( 3 ) : 333 – 356 .
  • Dollar , D. and Kraay , A. 2002 . Growth is good for the poor . Journal of Economic Growth , 7 ( 3 ) : 195 – 225 .
  • Durlauf , S. N. & Quah , D. T. 1999 The new empirics of economic growth , in : J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford Handbook of Macroeconomics , pp. 555 – 677 , Amsterdam and New York , North-Holland .
  • Easterly , W. R. 2001 . The middle class consensus and economic development . Journal of Economic Growth , 6 ( 4 ) : 317 – 335 .
  • Elhorst , J. P. 2003 . Specification and estimation of spatial panel data models . International Regional Science Review , 26 ( 3 ) : 244 – 268 .
  • Ertur , C. and Koch , W. 2007 . Growth, technological interdependence and spatial externalities: theory and evidence . Journal of Applied Econometrics , 22 : 1033 – 1062 .
  • Evans , P. 1997 . How fast do economies converge? . Review of Economics and Statistics , 79 ( 2 ) : 219 – 225 .
  • Ezcurra , R. 2007 . Is income inequality harmful for regional growth? Evidence from the European Union . Urban Studies , 44 ( 10 ) : 1953 – 1971 .
  • Ezcurra , R. and Pascual , P. 2005 . Is there convergence in income inequality levels among the European regions? . Applied Economics Letters , 12 ( 12 ) : 763 – 767 .
  • Fingleton , B. 2001 . Equilibrium and economic growth: spatial econometric models and simulations . Journal of Regional Science , 41 ( 1 ) : 117 – 147 .
  • Fingleton , B. and Lopez-Bazo , E. 2006 . Empirical growth models with spatial effects . Papers in Regional Science , 85 ( 2 ) : 177 – 198 .
  • Fischer , M. M. and Stirbock , C. 2006 . Pan-European regional income growth and club convergence . Annals of Regional Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 693 – 721 .
  • Galor , O. 2000 . Income distribution and the process of development . European Economic Review , 44 ( 4–6 ) : 706 – 712 .
  • Griliches , Z. & Mairesse , J. 1984 Productivity and R&D at the firm level , in: Z. Griliches R&D, Patents, and Productivity , pp. 339 – 374 , University of Chicago Press , Chicago .
  • Hsiao , C. 2003 Analysis of Panel Data , 2nd edn, Econometric Society Monographs No. 34, Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .
  • Huang , Y. & Temple , J. 2005 Does External Trade Promote Financial Development?, Bristol Economics Discussion Papers 05/575, Department of Economics , University of Bristol .
  • Jarque , C. M. and Bera , A. K. 1987 . A test for normality of observations and regression residuals . International Statistical Review , 55 ( 2 ) : 163 – 172 .
  • Johnston , J. and Dinardo , J. 1997 . Econometric Methods , 4th edn , New York, McGraw-Hill .
  • Koenker , R. and Bassett , G. 1982 . Robust tests for heteroscedasticity based on regression quantiles . Econometrica , 50 ( 1 ) : 43 – 61 .
  • Krugman , P. 1991 . Increasing returns and economic geography . Journal of Political Economy , 99 ( 3 ) : 483 – 499 .
  • Lucas , R. E. 1988 . On the mechanics of economic development . Journal of Monetary Economics , 22 ( 1 ) : 3 – 42 .
  • Magrini , S. 2004 Regional (di)convergence , in: J. V. Henderson & J. F. Thisse (eds) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics , pp. 2741 – 2796 , Elsevier , Amsterdam .
  • Mirrlees , J. A. 1971 . Exploration in theory of optimum income taxation . Review of Economic Studies , 38 ( 114 ) : 175 – 208 .
  • Openshaw , S. 1983 The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem , Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography No. 38 , Geo Books , Norwich .
  • Partridge , M. D. 2005 . Does income distribution affect U.S. state economic growth? . Journal of Regional Science , 45 ( 2 ) : 363 – 394 .
  • Perotti , R. 1996 . Growth, income distribution, and democracy: what the data say . Journal of Economic Growth , 1 ( 2 ) : 149 – 187 .
  • Pfaffermayr , M. 2009 . Conditional beta- and sigma-convergence in space: a maximum likelihood approach . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 39 ( 1 ) : 63 – 78 .
  • Pike , A. , Rodríguez-Pose , A. & Tomaney , J. 2006 Local and Regional Development , Routledge , London and New York .
  • Quah , D. T. 1996 . Twin peaks: growth and convergence in models of distribution dynamics . Economic Journal , 106 ( 437 ) : 1045 – 1055 .
  • Ravallion , M. 2003 . Inequality convergence . Economics Letters , 80 ( 3 ) : 351 – 356 .
  • Rebelo , S. T. 1991 . Long-run policy analysis and long-run growth . Journal of Political Economy , 99 ( 3 ) : 500 – 521 .
  • Rodríguez-Pose , A. 1998 Dynamics of Regional Growth in Europe: Social and Political Factors , Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies Clarendon Press , New York .
  • Rodríguez-Pose , A. & Tselios , V. ( 2009a ) Inequalities in income and education and regional economic growth in Western Europe , Annals of Regional Science (forthcoming) .
  • Rodríguez-Pose , A. and Tselios , V. 2009b . Education and income inequality in the regions of the European Union . Journal of Regional Science , 49 ( 3 ) : 411 – 437 .
  • Romer , P. M. 1986 . Increasing returns and long-run growth . Journal of Political Economy , 94 ( 5 ) : 1002 – 1037 .
  • Schwarz , G. 1978 . Estimating the dimension of a model . Annals of Statistics , 6 ( 2 ) : 461 – 464 .
  • Solow , R. M. 1956 . A contribution to the theory of economic growth . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 70 ( 1 ) : 65 – 94 .
  • Spence , A. M. 1973 . Job market signaling . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 87 ( 3 ) : 355 – 374 .
  • Stadler , G. W. 1990 . Business-cycle models with endogenous technology . American Economic Review , 80 ( 4 ) : 763 – 778 .
  • Swan , T. 1956 . Economic growth and capital accumulation . Economic Record , 32 : 334 – 361 .
  • Tselios , V. 2008 . Income and educational inequalities in the regions of the European Union: geographical spillovers under welfare state restrictions . Papers in Regional Science , 87 ( 3 ) : 403 – 430 .
  • Vaya , E. , Lopez-Bazo , E. , Moreno , R. & Surinach , J. 2004 Growth and externalities across economies: an empirical analysis using spatial econometrics , in: L. Anselin, R. J. G. M. Florax & S. J. Rey (eds) Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications , pp. 433 – 455 , Berlin , Springer .
  • White , H. 1980 . A heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity . Econometrica , 48 ( 4 ) : 817 – 838 .
  • World Bank 2002 Achieving Education for All by 2015: Simulation Results for 47 Low-income Countries , Human Development Network, Africa Region and Education Department, World Bank , Washington, DC .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.