References
- Das TK, Park DM. Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on spasticity. Postgrad Med J. 1989;65:208–210.
- Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E, et al., Botox Post-Stroke Spasticity Study Group. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:395–400.
- Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O’Brien CF, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1996;46:1306–1310.
- Simpson DM, Blitzer A, Brashear A, et al. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:1699–1706.
- Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:13–25.
- Santamato A, Micello MF, Ranieri M, et al. Employment of higher doses of botulinum toxin type A to reduce spasticity after stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2015;350:1–6.
- Santamato A, Panza F, Ranieri M, et al. Efficacy and safety of higher doses of botulinum toxin type A NT 201 free from complexing proteins in the upper and lower limb spasticity after stroke. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013;120:469–476.
- Benecke R. Clinical relevance of botulinum toxin immunogenicity. Bio Drugs. 2012;26:e1–9.
- Bakheit AM, Ward CD, McLellan DL. Generalised botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:198.
- Zeuner KE, Deuschl G. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of incobotulinumtoxin A influencing the clinical efficacy in post-stroke spasticity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12:457–466.
- Santamato A, Micello MF, Panza F, et al. Safety and efficacy of incobotulinum toxin type A (NT 201-Xeomin) for the treatment of post-stroke lower limb spasticity: a prospective open-label study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;49:483–489.
- Barnes M, Schnitzler A, Medeiros L, et al. Efficacy and safety of NT 201 for upper limb spasticity of various etiologies—a randomized parallel-group study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;122:295–302.
- Dressler D, Saberi FA, Kollewe K, et al. Safety aspects of incobotulinumtoxinA high-dose therapy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015;122:327–333.
- Invernizzi M, Carda S, Molinari C, et al. Heart rate variability (HRV) modifications in adult hemiplegic patients after botulinum toxin type A (nt-201) injection. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;51:353–359.
- Santamato A, Micello MF, Panza F, et al. Can botulinum toxin type A injection technique influence the clinical outcome of patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity? A randomized controlled trial comparing manual needle placement and ultrasound-guided injection techniques. J Neurol Sci. 2014;347:39–43.