Pharmacodynamics and common drug-drug interactions of the third-generation antiepileptic drugs

References

• LaPenna P, Tormoehlen LM. The pharmacology and toxicology of third-generation anticonvulsant drugs. J Med Toxicol. 2017;13(4):329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mula M. Third generation antiepileptic drug monotherapies in adults with epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16(9):1087–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French JA, Gazzola DM. New generation antiepileptic drugs: what do they offer in terms of improved tolerability and safety? Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2011;2(4):141–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letters sent to healthcare professionals in September 2016, including retigabine withdrawal - GOV.UK [Internet]. [cited 2017 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/letters-sent-to-healthcare-professionals-in-september-2016-including-retigabine-withdrawal
   Google Scholar
• Cook AM, Bensalem-Owen MK. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Therapy. 2011;8(3):307–313.
   Google Scholar
• Gillard M, Fuks B, Leclercq K, et al. Binding characteristics of brivaracetam, a selective, high affinity SV2A ligand in rat, mouse and human brain: relationship to anti-convulsant properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;664(1–3):36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matagne A, Margineanu DG, Kenda B, et al. Anti-convulsive and anti-epileptic properties of brivaracetam (ucb 34714), a high-affinity ligand for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(8):1662–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski RM, Matagne A, Leclercq K, et al. SV2A protein is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant target: functional correlation between protein binding and seizure protection in models of both partial and generalized epilepsy. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54(4):715–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Kupferberg HJ, et al. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Eigth Eilat Conference (EILAT VIII). Epilepsy Res. 2007;73:1–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niespodziany I, André VM, Leclère N, et al. Brivaracetam differentially affects voltage-gated sodium currents with¬out impairing sustained repetitive firing in neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21(3):241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating GM. Eslicarbazepine acetate: a review of its use as adjunctive therapy in refractory partial-onset seizures. CNS Drugs. 2014;28(7):583–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes J, Parada A, Figueiredo AA, et al. Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives. J Med Chem. 1999;42:2582–2587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebeisen S, Pires N, Loureiro AI, et al. Eslicarbazepine and the enhancement of slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels: a comparison with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide. Neuropharmacology. 2015;89:122–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doeser A, Dickhof G, Reitze M, et al. Targeting pharmacoresistant epilepsy and epileptogenesis with a dual-purpose antiepileptic drug. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 2):371–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soares-da-Silva P, Pires N, Bonifacio MJ, et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate for the treatment of focal epilepsy: an update on its proposed mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015;3(2):e00124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errington AC, Stöhr T, Heers C, et al. The investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Mol Pharmacol. 2008;73:157–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyreuther BK, Freitag J, Heers C, et al. Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13(1):21–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doty P, Rudd GD, Stoehr T, et al. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:145–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheless JW, Vazquez B. Rufinamide: a novel broad‐spectrum antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Currents. 2010;10(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo S. Rufinamide. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingledine R. Glutamatergic mechanisms related to epilepsy: ionotropic receptors. In: Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al., editors. Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies [Internet]. 4th ed. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98189/
   Google Scholar
• Chen CY, Matt L, Hell JW, et al. Perampanel inhibition of AMPA receptor currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. PLoS One. 2014;9:e108021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceolin L, Bortolotto ZA, Bannister N, et al. A novel antiepileptic agent, perampanel, selectively inhibits AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neurochem Int. 2012;61(4):517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih JJ, Tatum WO, Rudzinski LA. New drug classes for the treatment of partial onset epilepsy: focus on perampanel. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2013;9:285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosenbaugh DK, Mott DD. Stiripentol in refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2013;54:103–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanaya R, Arita K. The new antiepileptic drugs: their neuropharmacology and clinical indications. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2016;56(5):205–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo C, Jiang R, Li G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of second and third generation anti-epileptic drugs in refractory epilepsy: a network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)–part 1: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(11):927–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)-Part 2: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs and drugs used to treat non-epilepsy disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(12):1045–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccara G, Perucca E. Interactions between antiepileptic drugs, and between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Epileptic Disord. 2014;16(4):409–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogawski MA, Hanada T. Preclinical pharmacology of perampanel, a selective non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2013;197:19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Contin M, Albani F, Riva R, et al. Lacosamide therapeutic monitoring in patients with epilepsy: effect of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35(6):849–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawello W, Rosenkranz B, Schmid B, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of coadministration of lacosamide and an oral contraceptive (levonorgestrel plus ethinylestradiol) in healthy female volunteers. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):530–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas D, Scharfenecker U, Schiltmeyer B, et al. Low potential for drug-drug-interaction of lacosamide. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(S1):S167c–S168c.
   Google Scholar
• Chung SS. Lacosamide: new adjunctive treatment option for partial-onset seizures. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11(9):1595–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Landmark CJ. Antiepileptic drug interactions - principles and clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2010;8(3):254–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen Landmark C, Svendsen T, Dinarevic J, et al. The impact of pharmacokinetic interactions with eslicarbazepine acetate versus oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in clinical practice. Ther Drug Monit. 2016;38(4):499–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Drug interactions involving the new second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(1):119–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockis A, Chanteux H, Rosa M, et al. Brivaracetam and carbamazepine interaction in healthy subjects and in vitro. Epilepsy Res. 2015;113:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon J, Spina E, Diaz FJ. Clobazam therapeutic drug monitoring: a comprehensive review of the literature with proposals to improve future studies. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35(1):30–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon J. The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: a summary of the current state for clinicians. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2015;8(2):97–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Nagaya Y, Hanada T. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of perampanel and other antiepileptic drugs in a rat amygdala kindling model. Seizure. 2014;23(9):732–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sake JK, Hebert D, Isojarvi J, et al. A pooled analysis of lacosamide clinical trial data grouped by mechanism of action of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:1055–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockis A, Kruithof AC, Van Gerven JM, et al. Interaction study between brivaracetam and ethanol in healthy subjects. Epilepsy Curr. 2015;15:332.
   Google Scholar
• Taeuber K, Badian M, Brettel HF, et al. Kinetic and dynamic interaction of clobazam and alcohol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;7(Suppl 1):91S–97S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns ML, Baftiu A, Opdal MS, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clobazam and its metabolite-impact of age and comedication on pharmacokinetic variability. Ther Drug Monit. 2016;38(3):350–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicine Agency. Zebinix (esclicarbazepine acetate), 400 mg tablets: Summary of Product Characteristics (29/09/2017). [cited 2017 Oct 30]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000988/WC500047225.pdf),“
   Google Scholar
• Vaz-Da-Silva M, Nunes T, Almeida L, et al. Evaluation of Eslicarbazepine acetate on cardiac repolarization in a thorough QT/QTc study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(2):222–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach M, Popławska M, Błaszczyk B, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations for epilepsy - depression comorbidities. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(9):1067–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina E, De Leon J. Potentially clinically relevant pharmacodynamic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and psychotropic drugs: an update. Curr Pharm Des. 2017 Aug 9. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.2174/1381612823666170809102258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa-Jovel CA, Sobrino-Mejia FE. Drug resistant epilepsy. Clinical and neurobiological concepts. Revista De Neurologia. 2015;61(4):159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striano P, Belcastro V, Coppola A, et al. antiepileptic drugs under investigation for treatment of focal epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016;39(6):281–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janković S, Lukić S. Antiepileptic potential of ganaxolone. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. 2017;74(5):467–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonato M, French JA, Galanopoulou AS, et al. Issues for new antiepilepsy drug development. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(2):195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar