Proton pump inhibitors: from CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics to precision medicine

References

• Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;108:308–328. quiz 29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW. Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jun;23(Suppl 2):2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagymási K, Müllner K, Herszényi L, et al. Update on the pharmacogenomics of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacogenomics. 2011 Jun;12:873–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JM, Sachs G. Pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008 Dec;10:528–534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz PO, Scheiman JM, Barkun AN. Review article: acid-related disease–what are the unmet clinical needs? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jun;23(Suppl 2):9–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward RM, Kearns GL. Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacodynamics. Paediatr Drugs. 2013 Apr;15:119–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawrońska-Szklarz B, Adamiak-Giera U, Wyska E, et al. CYP2C19 polymorphism affects single-dose pharmacokinetics of oral pantoprazole in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68:1267–1274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling. 2017, Aug, 16 [ cited 2017 Aug 17]. Available from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/scienceresearch/researchareas/pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm
   Google Scholar
• Mv R, Klein TE. CPIC: clinical Pharmacogenetics implementation consortium of the pharmacogenomics research network. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;89:464–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swen JJ, Wilting I, de Goede AL, et al. Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83:781–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swen JJ, Nijenhuis M, de Boer A, et al. Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte–an update of guidelines. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:662–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becquemont L, Alfirevic A, Amstutz U, et al. Practical recommendations for pharmacogenomics-based prescription: 2010 ESF-UB conference on pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics. 2011;12:113–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs G, Shin JM, Briving C, et al. The pharmacology of the gastric acid pump: the H+,K+ ATPase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:277–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hixson LJ, Kelley CL, Jones WN, et al. Current trends in the pharmacotherapy for peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Apr;152:726–732.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibbons TE, Gold BD. The use of proton pump inhibitors in children: a comprehensive review. Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5:25–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kearns GL, Winter HS. Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics: relevant pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Nov-Dec;37(Suppl 1):S52–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatlebakk JG, Katz PO, Camacho-Lobato L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors: better acid suppression when taken before a meal than without a meal. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Oct;14:1267–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaki T, Horai Y. Review article: cytochrome P450 and the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors–emphasis on rabeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Aug;13(Suppl 3):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu LY, Sun LN, Zhang XH, et al. A review of the novel application and potential adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1070–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JM, Kim N. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the proton pump inhibitors. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Jan;19:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson T, Holmberg J, Röhss K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and effect on caffeine metabolism of the proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;45:369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabowski B, Lee RD. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of [14C]dexlansoprazole in healthy male subjects. Clin Drug Investig. 2012 May;32:319–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelö A, Andersson TB, Antonsson M, et al. Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000;28:966–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tybring G, Böttiger Y, Widén J, et al. Enantioselective hydroxylation of omeprazole catalyzed by CYP2C19 in Swedish white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Aug;62:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson T, Röhss K, Bredberg E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Oct;15:1563–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson T, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001;40:411–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn J. Review article: relationship between the metabolism and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors–focus on rabeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Nov;20(Suppl 6):11–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward RM, Tammara B, Sullivan SE, et al. Single-dose, multiple-dose, and population pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in neonates and preterm infants with a clinical diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66:555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumus E, Karaca O, Babaoglu MO, et al. Evaluation of lansoprazole as a probe for assessing cytochrome P450 2C19 activity and genotype-phenotype correlation in childhood. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68:629–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward RM, Kearns GL, Tammara B, et al. A multicenter, randomized, open-label, pharmacokinetics and safety study of pantoprazole tablets in children and adolescents aged 6 through 16 years with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51:876–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whirl-Carrillo M, McDonagh EM, Hebert JM, et al. Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J, et al. Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese. Mol Pharmacol. 1994;46:594–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott SA, Sangkuhl K, Shuldiner AR, et al. PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2012;22:159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzel KW, Elsey AR, Langaee TY, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: approaches, successes, and challenges. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2014 Mar;166(C):56–67.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Cavallari LH. Pharmacogenetics and cardiovascular disease–implications for personalized medicine. Pharmacol Rev. 2013 Jul;65:987–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim SC, Risinger C, Dahl ML, et al. A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto K, Uno T, Yamazaki H, et al. Limited frequency of the CYP2C19*17 allele and its minor role in a Japanese population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;65:437–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M, Horn J. Clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors: what the practising physician needs to know. Drugs. 2003;63:2739–2754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim PW, Goh KL, Wong BC. CYP2C19 genotype and the PPIs–focus on rabeprazole. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;20(Suppl):S22–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirai N, Furuta T, Moriyama Y, et al. Effects of CYP2C19 genotypic differences in the metabolism of omeprazole and rabeprazole on intragastric pH. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1929–37;2001:15.
   Google Scholar
• Furuta T, Shirai N, Xiao F, et al. Effect of high-dose lansoprazole on intragastic pH in subjects who are homozygous extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P4502C19. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Nov;70:484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta T, Ohashi K, Kosuge K, et al. CYP2C19 genotype status and effect of omeprazole on intragastric pH in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;65:552–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Pharmacogenetics, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and clinical practice. Pharmacol Rev. 2006 Sep;58:521–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, et al. Metabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4ʹ-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;62:619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao HL, Hu YR, Tian X, et al. Pharmacokinetics of three proton pump inhibitors in Chinese subjects in relation to the CYP2C19 genotype. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;62:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YM, Xu JM, Mei Q, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects and kinetic disposition of rabeprazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype in healthy Chinese subjects. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005;26:384–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ieiri I, Kishimoto Y, Okochi H, et al. Comparison of the kinetic disposition of and serum gastrin change by lansoprazole versus rabeprazole during an 8-day dosing scheme in relation to CYP2C19 polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;57:485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi K, Katsube T, Kawamura A, et al. CYP2C19 genotype status and intragastric pH during dosing with lansoprazole or rabeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:1259–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Nishino M, et al. Comparison of acid inhibition with standard dosages of proton pump inhibitors in relation to CYP2C19 genotype in Japanese. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:1073–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou HY, Chang CC, Sheu MT, et al. Optimal dose regimens of esomeprazole for gastric acid suppression with minimal influence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahara S, Sugimoto M, Uotani T, et al. Twice-daily dosing of esomeprazole effectively inhibits acid secretion in CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers compared with twice-daily omeprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:1129–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S, Klotz U. Proton pump inhibitors: an update of their clinical use and pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;64:935–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunfeld NG, Touw DJ, Mathot RA, et al. A comparison of the acid-inhibitory effects of esomeprazole and pantoprazole in relation to pharmacokinetics and CYP2C19 polymorphism. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, et al. Different dosage regimens of rabeprazole for nocturnal gastric acid inhibition in relation to cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype status. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76:290–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Furuta T. Efficacy of tailored Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility and CYP2C19 genotype. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;20:6400–6411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JP, Dobesh PP, Klepser DG, et al. Adherence and dosing frequency of common medications for cardiovascular patients. Am J Manag Care. 2012;18:139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawrońska-Szklarz B, Siuda A, Kurzawski M, et al. Effects of CYP2C19, MDR1, and interleukin 1-B gene variants on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66:681–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunfeld NG, Mathot RA, Touw DJ, et al. Effect of CYP2C19*2 and *17 mutations on pharmacodynamics and kinetics of proton pump inhibitors in Caucasians. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65:752–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh T, Otsuka H, Kawasaki T, et al. Influences of CYP2C19 polymorphism on recurrence of reflux esophagitis during proton pump inhibitor maintenance therapy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:703–706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furuta T, Sugimoto M, Kodaira C, et al. CYP2C19 genotype is associated with symptomatic recurrence of GERD during maintenance therapy with low-dose lansoprazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:693–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta T, Sugimoto M, Shirai N, et al. CYP2C19 pharmacogenomics associated with therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-esophageal reflux diseases with a proton pump inhibitor. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Sep;8:1199–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Serizawa H, Kato Y, et al. First-line eradication for Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis by esomeprazole-based triple therapy is influenced by CYP2C19 genotype. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:13548–13554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang HL, Li Y, Hu YF, et al. Effects of CYP2C19 loss-of-function variants on the eradication of H . pylori infection in patients treated with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy regimens: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa H, Sugimoto M, Sugimoto K, et al. Rapid metabolizer genotype of CYP2C19 is a risk factor of being refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy for reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Apr;31:716–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fass R. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Mar;98:S2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and nonerosive reflux disease (NERD): comparison of epidemiologic, physiologic, and therapeutic characteristics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;41:131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpignato C. Poor effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in non-erosive reflux disease: the truth in the end! Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012 Aug;24:697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erah PO, Goddard AF, Barrett DA, et al. The stability of amoxycillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole in gastric juice: relevance to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;39:5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott D, Weeks D, Melchers K, et al. The life and death of Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 1998 Jul;43(Suppl 1):S56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormeci A, Emrence Z, Baran B, et al. Can Helicobacter pylori be eradicated with high-dose proton pump inhibitor in extensive metabolizers with the CYP2C19 genotypic polymorphism? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:1795–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab M, Klotz U, Hofmann U, et al. Esomeprazole-induced healing of gastroesophageal reflux disease is unrelated to the genotype of CYP2C19: evidence from clinical and pharmacokinetic data. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Dec;78:627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Wang J, Yang Y, et al. Effect of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2008;13:532–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariizumi K, Ohara S, Koike T, et al. Therapeutic effects of 10 mg/day rabeprazole administration on reflux esophagitis was not influenced by the CYP2C19 polymorphism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:1428–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzawski M, Gawrońska-Szklarz B, Wrześniewska J, et al. Effect of CYP2C19*17 gene variant on Helicobacter pylori eradication in peptic ulcer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:877–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosi JP, Mougey EB, Williams A, et al. Association between CYP2C19*17 alleles and pH probe testing outcomes in children with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Sep;58(1):89-96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Infante J, Rodriguez-Sanchez J, Martinek J, et al. Long-term loss of response in proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia is uncommon and influenced by CYP2C19 genotype and rhinoconjunctivitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1567–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacyshyn BR, Thomson AB. The clinical importance of proton pump inhibitor pharmacokinetics. Digestion. 2002;66:67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich A, Lücker PW, Wiedemann A, et al. Comparison of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole (40 mg) as compared to omeprazole MUPS (20 mg) after repeated oral dose administration. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999;21:47–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwab M, Schaeffeler E, Klotz U, et al. CYP2C19 polymorphism is a major predictor of treatment failure in white patients by use of lansoprazole-based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76:201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin CM, Keam SJ. Rabeprazole: a review of its use in the management of gastric acid-related diseases in adults. Drugs. 2009 Jul;69:1373–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok CS, Arthur AK, Anibueze CI, et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert AA, Lam JO, Paik JJ, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia with outpatient proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0128004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook JT, Wise RA, Gold BD, et al. Lansoprazole for children with poorly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2012;307:373–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus B, Chen Y, Wilson FP, et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of chronic kidney disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou T, Macdonald EM, Hollands S, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury in older patients: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2015;3:E166–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou B, Huang Y, Li H, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors and risk of fractures: an update meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015;37:1237–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomm W, von Holt K, Thomé F, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of dementia: a pharmacoepidemiological claims data analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, et al. Risk of death among users of proton pump inhibitors: a longitudinal observational cohort study of United States veterans. BMJ Open. 2017 Jul 7;7(6):e015735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clooney AG, Bernstein CN, Leslie WD, et al. A comparison of the gut microbiome between long-term users and non-users of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:974–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue C, Solomon K, Fenelon L, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics on the gut microbiome of hospitalised older persons. J Infect. 2016;72:498–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication. February 8, 2012. [Accessed April, 2018]. Available from:  https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm290510.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Bavishi C, Dupont HL. Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Dec;34:1269–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liu B, Glass K, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hospitalization for infectious gastroenteritis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0168618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W, et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr. 2009;154:514–20.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld AJ, Grady D. Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitors. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Feb;176:172–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima JJ, Lang JE, Mougey EB, et al. Association of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and lansoprazole-associated respiratory adverse effects in children. J Pediatr. 2013 Sep;163:686–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang JE, Holbrook JT, Mougey EB, et al. Lansoprazole is associated with worsening asthma control in children with the CYP2C19 poor metabolizer phenotype. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:878–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lima JJ, Franciosi JP. Pharmacogenomic testing: the case for CYP2C19 proton pump inhibitor gene-drug pairs. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Aug;15:1405–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Elsey AR, Clare-Salzler MJ, et al. Institutional profile: University of Florida and Shands hospital personalized medicine program: clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14:723–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Burkley BM, Langaee TY, et al. Implementing personalized medicine: development of a cost-effective customized pharmacogenetics genotyping array. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:437–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnenberger HM, Crews KR, Hoffman JM, et al. Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: current programs in five US medical centers. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;55:89–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulley JM, Denny JC, Peterson JF, et al. Operational implementation of prospective genotyping for personalized medicine: the design of the Vanderbilt PREDICT project. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell PH, Bush A, Spitz J, et al. The 1200 patients project: creating a new medical model system for clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:446–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightdale JR, Gremse DA. Section on gastroenterology Hp, and nutrition. gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 2013 May;131:e1684–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosi JP, Mougey EB, Williams A, et al. Association between CYP2C19 extensive metabolizer phenotype and childhood anti-reflux surgery following failed proton pump inhibitor medication treatment. Eur J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;117(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Q, Yan XF, Zhang ZM, et al. Rational prescription of drugs within similar therapeutic or structural class for gastrointestinal disease treatment: drug metabolism and its related interactions. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:5618–5628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miehlke S, Löbe S, Madisch A, et al. Intragastric acidity during administration of generic omeprazole or esomeprazole - a randomised, two-way crossover study including CYP2C19 genotyping. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:471–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M. Review article: pH, healing and symptom relief with rabeprazole treatment in acid-related disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Nov;20(Suppl 6):30–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilder-Smith CH, Röhss K, Nilsson-Pieschl C, et al. Esomeprazole 40 mg provides improved intragastric acid control as compared with lansoprazole 30 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Digestion. 2003;68:184–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar