All-cause mortality and antipsychotic use among elderly persons with high baseline cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk: a multi-center retrospective cohort study in Italy

References

• Arana GW. An overview of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 8):5–11. discussion 12-3.
   Google Scholar
• Orsolini L, Tomasetti C, Valchera A, et al. An update of safety of clinically used atypical antipsychotics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Oct;15(10):1329–1347.
   Google Scholar
• Ballard C, Howard R. Neuroleptic drugs in dementia: benefits and harm. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(6):492–500.
   Google Scholar
• Bergendal A, Schiöler H, Wettermark B, et al. Concomitant use of two or more antipsychotic drugs is common in Sweden. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2015;5(4):224–231.
   Google Scholar
• Gambassi G, Sultana J, Trifirò G. Antipsychotic use in elderly patients and the risk of pneumonia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(1):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana J, Fontana A, Giorgianni F, et al. The effect of safety warnings on antipsychotic drug prescribing in elderly persons with dementia in the United Kingdom and Italy: a population-based study. CNS Drugs. 2016 Nov;30(11):1097–1109.
   Google Scholar
• Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Brookhart A, et al. Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ. 2007;176(5):627–632.
   Google Scholar
• Kales HC, Valenstein M, Kim HM, et al. Mortality risk in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotics versus other psychiatric medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1568–1576. quiz 623.
   Google Scholar
• Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(22):2335–2341.
   Google Scholar
• Aparasu RR, Chatterjee S, Mehta S, et al. Risk of death in dual-eligible nursing home residents using typical or atypical antipsychotic agents. Med Care. 2012;50(11):961–969.
   Google Scholar
• Musicco M, Palmer K, Russo A, et al. Association between prescription of conventional or atypical antipsychotic drugs and mortality in older persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;31(3):218–224.
   Google Scholar
• Gill SS, Bronskill SE, Normand SL, et al. Antipsychotic drug use and mortality in older adults with dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(11):775–786.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). The top 10 causes of death. [cited 2018 Jun 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
   Google Scholar
• Sacchetti E, Trifirò G, Caputi A, et al. Risk of stroke with typical and atypical anti-psychotics: a retrospective cohort study including unexposed subjects. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(1):39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Piersanti M, Capannolo M, Turchetti M, et al. Increase in mortality rate in patients with dementia treated with atypical antipsychotics: a cohort study in outpatients in Central Italy. Riv Psichiatr. 2014 Jan–Feb;49(1):34–40.
   Google Scholar
• Nørgaard M, Ehrenstein V, Vandenbroucke JP. Confounding in observational studies based on large healthcare databases: problems and potential solutions - a primer for the clinician. Clin Epidemiol. 2017;28(9):185–193.
   Google Scholar
• Onder G, Bonassi S, Abbatecola AM, et al. High prevalence of poor quality drug prescribing in older individuals: a nationwide report from the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(4):430–437.
   Google Scholar
• Nobili A, Pasina L, Tettamanti M, et al. Potentially severe drug interactions in elderly outpatients: results of an observational study of an administrative prescription database. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009;34(4):377–386.
   Google Scholar
• Tragni E, Casula M, Pieri V, et al. Prevalence of the prescription of potentially interacting drugs. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e78827.
   Google Scholar
• Gagne JJ, Maio V, Rabinowitz C. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in Regione Emilia-Romagna, Italy. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008;33(2):141–151.
   Google Scholar
• Rea F, Bonassi S, Vitale C, et al. Exposure to statins is associated to fracture risk reduction in elderly people with cardiovascular disease: evidence from the AIFA-I-GrADE observational project. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017 Jul;26(7):775–784.
   Google Scholar
• Roberto G, Bartolini C, Rea F, et al. NSAIDs utilization for musculoskeletal indications in elderly patients with cerebro/cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(5):637–643.
   Google Scholar
• Comoretto RI, Rea F, Lucenteforte E, et al. Bleeding events attributable to concurrent use of warfarin and other medications in high-risk elderly: meta-analysis and Italian population-based investigation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74:1061–1070. Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Bettiol A, Lucenteforte E, Vannacci A, et al. Italian group for appropriate drug prescription in the elderly (I-GrADE). Calcium channel blockers in secondary cardiovascular prevention and risk of acute events: real-world evidence from nested case-control studies on Italian hypertensive elderly. Clin Drug Investig. 2017;37(12):1165–1174.
   Google Scholar
• Biffi A, Scotti L, Rea F, et al. Adherence to antidepressants and mortality in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. Clin Drug Investig. 2018 Jul;38(7):593–602.
   Google Scholar
• Vetrano DL, La Carpia D, Grande G, et al. Anticholinergic medication burden and 5-year risk of hospitalization and death in nursing home elderly residents with coronary artery disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(11):1056–1059.
   Google Scholar
• Lucenteforte E, Lombardi N, Vetrano DL, et al. Inappropriate pharmacological treatment in older adults affected by cardiovascular disease and other chronic comorbidities: a systematic literature review to identify potentially inappropriate prescription indicators. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1761–1778.
   Google Scholar
• Bleakley S. Identifying and reducing the risk of antipsychotic drug interactions. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2012;16(2):20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Liperoti R, Sganga F, Landi, et al. Antipsychotic drug interactions and mortality among nursing home residents with cognitive impairment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(1):e76–e82.
   Google Scholar
• Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424.
   Google Scholar
• Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009 Nov;28(25):3083–3107.
   Google Scholar
• Suissa S. Immeasurable time bias in observational studies of drug effects on mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(3):329–335.
   Google Scholar
• Schneeweiss S. Sensitivity analysis and external adjustment for unmeasured confounders in epidemiologic database studies of therapeutics. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(5):291–303.
   Google Scholar
• Trifiro G, Verhamme KM, Ziere G, et al. All-cause mortality associated with atypical and typical antipsychotics in demented outpatients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(5):538–544.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Guzmán-Ramos MI, Galván-Banqueri M, et al. Prevalence of drug interactions in elderly patients with multimorbidity in primary care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(2):343–353.
   Google Scholar
• Trifiró G, Sultana J, Spina E. Are the safety profiles of antipsychotic drugs used in dementia the same? An updated review of observational studies. Drug Saf. 2014;37(7):501–520.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana J, Calabró M, Garcia-Serna R, et al. Biological substantiation of antipsychotic-associated pneumonia: systematic literature review and computational analyses. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0187034.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong MR, Van der Elst M, Hartholt KA. Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2013;4(4):147–154.
   Google Scholar
• Gareri P, Segura-García C, Manfredi VG, et al. Use of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly: a clinical review. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Aug;16(9):1363–1373.
   Google Scholar
• Oteri A, Mazzaglia G, Pecchioli S, et al. Prescribing pattern of antipsychotic drugs during the years 1996–2010: a population-based database study in Europe with a focus on torsadogenic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Aug;82(2):487–497.
   Google Scholar
• Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Jan;57(1):6–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana J, Fontana A, Giorgianni F, et al. Can information on functional and cognitive status improve short-term mortality risk prediction among community-dwelling older people? A cohort study using a UK primary care database. Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 19;10:31–39.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell CJ, Campitelli MA, Hogan DB, et al. Relevance of frailty to mortality associated with the use of antipsychotics among community-residing older adults with impaired cognition. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018 Mar;27(3):289–298.
   Google Scholar
• Frank C, Weir E. Deprescribing for older patients. Cmaj. 2014 Dec 9;186(18):1369–1376.
   Google Scholar
• Formica D, Sultana J, Cutroneo PM, et al. The economic burden of preventable adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of observational studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Jul;17(7):681–695.
   Google Scholar
• Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T. The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2015;2(4):221–228.
   Google Scholar
• Austin PC, Lee DS, Fine JP. Introduction to the analysis of survival data in the presence of competing risks. Circulation. 2016;133(6):601–609.
   Google Scholar
• Trifirò G, Gambassi G, Sen EF, et al. Association of community-acquired pneumonia with antipsychotic drug use in elderly patients: a nested case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Apr 6;152(7):418–25, W139-40.
   Google Scholar