Enhancement of lung levels of antibiotics by ambroxol and bromhexine

References

• Cazan D, Klimek L, Sperl A, et al. Safety of ambroxol in the treatment of airway diseases in adult patients. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Dec;17(12):1211–1224. PubMed PMID: 30372367.
   Google Scholar
• Choi SW, Gu Y, Peters RS, et al. Ambroxol induces autophagy and potentiates rifampin antimycobacterial activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(9):e01019–18. PubMed PMID: 30012752.
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan S, Ahmed Z, Bradfute SB, et al. Pharmaceutical screen identifies novel target processes for activation of autophagy with a broad translational potential. Nat Commun. 2015 Oct 27;6:8620. PubMed PMID: 26503418; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4624223.
   Google Scholar
• van Ingen J, Aarnoutse RE, Donald PR, et al. Why do we use 600 mg of rifampicin in tuberculosis treatment? Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52(9):e194–9. PubMed PMID: 21467012.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Yang C, Tu W. Effect of ambroxol on the transport of rifampicin into pulmonary. Jiangsu Med J. 2009;35(12):1486–1488.
   Google Scholar
• Imaoka M. Preclinical and clinical investigation about combination effects of expectorants in chemotherapy of infectious respiratory diseases. Chemotherapy. 1986;34(3):262–270.
   Google Scholar
• van Ingen J, Egelund EF, Levin A, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep 15;186(6):559–565. PubMed PMID: 22744719; eng.
   Google Scholar
• Gaida W, Klinder K, Arndt K, et al. Ambroxol, a Nav1.8-preferring Na(+) channel blocker, effectively suppresses pain symptoms in animal models of chronic, neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Neuropharmacology. 2005 Dec;49(8):1220–1227. PubMed PMID: 16182323.
   Google Scholar
• Wiemeyer JCM. Influence of ambroxol on the bronchopulmonary level of antibiotics. Arzneim Forsch. 1981;31(6): 974–976. PubMed PMID: ISI:A1981LU69400008.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuda Y, Hobo S, Naito H. Transferability of cephalothin to the alveolar cavity in thoroughbreds. J Vet Med Sci. 1999 Mar;61(3):209–212. PubMed PMID: 10331190.
   Google Scholar
• Taskar VS, Sharma RR, Goswami R, et al. Effect of bromhexeine on sputum amoxycillin levels in lower respiratory infections. Respir Med. 1992 Mar;86(2):157–160. PubMed PMID: 1615182.
   Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E, Berthelot G, Kafe HPJ, et al. Influence of a fluidifying agent (bromhexine) on the penetration of antibiotics into respiratory secretions. Int J Clin Pharm Res. 1985;5(5):341–344.
   Google Scholar
• Gene R, Poderoso JJ, Corazza C, et al. Influence of ambroxol on amoxicillin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Arzneim Forsch. 1987 Aug;37(8):967–968. PubMed PMID: 3675695.
   Google Scholar
• Spatola J, Poderoso JJ, Wiemeyer JC, et al. Influence of ambroxol on lung tissue penetration of amoxicillin. Arzneim Forsch. 1987 Aug;37(8):965–966. PubMed PMID: 3675694.
   Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Bouvet O, Chanez P, et al. Evaluation of the effects of ambroxol on the ofloxacin concentrations in bronchial tissues in COPD patients with infectious exacerbation. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1995 Jul;16(5):393–401. PubMed PMID: 8527688.
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Qing D, Zhang W. Influence of ambroxol on cefixime levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Chin J Hosp Pharm. 1998;18(9):387–388.
   Google Scholar
• Turnidge JD. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jul;27(1):10–22. PubMed PMID: 9675443.
   Google Scholar
• Wang P, Qi M, Jin X. Determination of roxithromycin in rat lung tissue by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Sep 15;39(3–4):618–623. . PubMed PMID: 15899569.
   Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Choi JS. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of ambroxol in rats. J Pharm Invest. 2006;36(3):157–160.
   Google Scholar
• Ishiguro N, Senda C, Kishimoto W, et al. Identification of CYP3A4 as the predominant isoform responsible for the metabolism of ambroxol in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica. 2000;30(1):71–80.
   Google Scholar
• Sumano H, Gracia I, Capistran A, et al. Use of ambroxol and bromhexine as mucolytics for enhanced diffusion of furaltadone into tracheobronchial secretions in broilers. Br Poult Sci. 1995 Jul;36(3):503–507. PubMed PMID: ISI:A1995RH40200014.
   Google Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, et al. Linezolid tolerability in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Eur Respir J. 2015 Oct;46(4):1205–1207. PubMed PMID: 26160870.
   Google Scholar
• Gumbo T. New susceptibility breakpoints for first-line antituberculosis drugs based on antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic science and population pharmacokinetic variability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Apr;54(4):1484–1491. PubMed PMID: 20086150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2849358.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz DB, Low JL, Wu ML, et al. Rifabutin is active against Mycobacterium abscessus complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun;61(6). PubMed PMID: 28396540; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5444174.
   Google Scholar
• Chen L, Du G, He LH, et al. Effects of ambroxol on lung concentrations of vancomycin in patients with lung MRSA infection. Chin J Hosp Pharm. 2012;32(12):943–946.
   Google Scholar
• Lodise TP, Drusano GL, Butterfield JM, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into epithelial lining fluid in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Dec;55(12):5507–5511. PubMed PMID: ISI:000296920600013.
   Google Scholar
• Lodise TP, Patel N, Lomaestro BM, et al. Relationship between initial vancomycin concentration-time profile and nephrotoxicity among hospitalized patients. Clinl Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 15;49(4):507–514. PubMed PMID: ISI:000268157300003.
   Google Scholar
• Renna M, Schaffner C, Brown K, et al. Azithromycin blocks autophagy and may predispose cystic fibrosis patients to mycobacterial infection. J Clin Invest. 2011 Sep;121(9):3554–3563. PubMed PMID: 21804191; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3163956.
   Google Scholar
• Timmins GS. Deuterated drugs; updates and obviousness analysis. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017;2712:1353–1361. PubMed PMID: ISI:000418575600007.
   Google Scholar
• Timmins G. Deuterated drugs: where are we now? Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2014;24(10): 1067–1075. PubMed PMID: 25069517.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Resp Crit Care. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367–416. PubMed PMID: ISI:000244263600013.
   Google Scholar
• Wu XD, Li SW, Zhang JZ, et al. Meta-analysis of high doses of ambroxol treatment for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome based on randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Nov;54(11):1199–1206. PubMed PMID: ISI:000344051600001.
   Google Scholar
• Forrest GN, Tamura K. Rifampin combination therapy for nonmycobacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jan;23(1):14–34. PubMed PMID: 20065324; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2806656.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo EF, Dekonenko A, Arko-Mensah J, et al. Autophagy protects against active tuberculosis by suppressing bacterial burden and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 Nov 13;109(46):E3168–76. PubMed PMID: 23093667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3503152.
   Google Scholar