Publication Cover
Sport in Society
Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics
Volume 16, 2013 - Issue 6
1,921
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Enhancement drug use in society and in sport: the science and sociology of stimulant use and the importance of perception

&
Pages 789-804 | Published online: 17 Jan 2013

REFERENCES

  • Avois, L., N.Robinson, C.Saudan, N.Baume, P.Mangin, and M.Saugy. ‘Central Nervous System Stimulants and Sport Practice’. British Journal of Sports Medicine40, no. 1 (2006): i16–i20.
  • Barrett, S.P., C.Darredeau, L.E.Bordy, and R.O.Pihl. ‘Characteristics of Methylphenidate Misuse in a University Student Sample’. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry50, no. 8 (2005): 457–61.
  • Bell, D.G., I.Jacobs, and J.Zamecnik. ‘Effects of Caffeine, Ephedrine and Their Combination on Time to Exhaustion During High-Intensity Exercise’. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occuputional Physiology77, no. 5 (1998a): 427–33.
  • Bell, D.G., T.M.McLellan, and C.M.Sabiston. ‘Effect of Ingesting Caffeine and Ephedrine on 10-km Run Performance’. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise34, no. 2 (1998b): 344–9.
  • Berning, J.M., K.J.Adams, and B.A.Stamford. ‘Anabolic Steroid Usage in Athletics: Facts, Fiction, and Public Relations’. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research18, no. 4 (2004): 908–17.
  • Bohn, A.M., M.Khodaee, and T.L.Schwenk. ‘Ephedrine and Other Stimulants as Ergogenic Aids’. Current Sports Medicine Reports2, no. 4 (2003): 220–5.
  • Boyd, C.J., S.E.McCabe, J.A.Cranford, and A.Young. ‘Prescription Drug Abuse and Diversion Among Adolescents in a Southeast Michigan School District’. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine161, no. 3 (2007): 276–81.
  • Burke, L.M. ‘Caffeine and Sports Performance’. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism33 (2008): 1319–94.
  • Cakic, V. ‘Smart Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement: Ethical and Pragmatic Considerations in the Era of Cosmetic Neurology’. Journal of Medical Ethics35 (2009): 611–75.
  • Chiamulera, C. ‘Research is Needed on the Use of Cognitive Enhancer Drugs in Sport’. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport14, no. 1 (2011): 2–3.
  • Deventer, K., K.Roels, F.T.Delbeke, and P.van Eenoo. ‘Prevalence of Legal and Illegal Stimulating Agents in Sports’. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry401, no. 2 (2011): 421–32.
  • Doherty, M., and P.H.Smith. ‘Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Rating of Perceived Exertion during and after Exercise: A Meta-Analysis’. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports15 (2005): 69–78.
  • Downie, J., S.M.Outram, and F.Campbell. ‘Caveat Emptor, Venditor, Et Praescribor: Legal Liability Associated with Methylplenidate Hydrochloride (MPH) Use by Postsecondary Students’. Health Law Journal18 (2010): 51–71.
  • Eichner, E.R. ‘Stimulants in Sports’. Current Sports Medicine Reports7, no. 5 (2008): 244–5.
  • Elliott, R., B.J.Sahakian, K.Matthews, A.Bannerjea, J.Rimmer, and T.W.Robbins. ‘Effects of Methylphenidate on Spatial Working Memory and Planning in Healthy Young Adults’. Psychopharmacology131, no. 2 (1997): 196–206.
  • Farah, M.J., C.Haimm, G.Sankoorikal, and A.Chatterjee. ‘When We Enhance Cognition with Adderall, Do We Sacrifice Creativity? A Preliminary Study’. Psychopharmacology202, no. 1 (2009): 541–7.
  • Farah, M.J., J.Illes, R.Cook-Deegan, H.Gardner, E.Kandel, P.King, E.Parens, B.Sahakian, and P.R.Wolpe. ‘Neurocognitive Enhancement: What can We Do and What Should We Do?’. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience5 (2004): 421–5.
  • Fischer, B., M.Bibby, and M.Bouchard. ‘The Global Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs Non-Medical Use and Diversion of Psychotropic Prescription Drugs in North America: A Review of Sourcing Routes and Control Measures’. Addiction105, no. 12 (2010): 2062–70.
  • Flower, K., L.Li1, C.-Y.A.Chen, M.J.Baggott, and G.P.Galloway. ‘Efficacy, Safety, and Ethics of Cosmetic Neurology Far From Settled’. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics88, no. 4 (2010): 461–2.
  • Forlini, C., and E.Racine. ‘Autonomy and Coercion in Academic “Cognitive Enhancement” Using Methylphenidate: Perspectives of Key Stakeholders’. Neuroethics2 (2009): 163–77.
  • Greely, H., B.Sahakian, J.Harris, R.C.Kessler, M.Gazzaniga, P.Campbell, and M.J.Farah. ‘Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy’. Nature456 (2008): 702–5.
  • Hall, W. ‘Feeling “Better than Well”’. EMBO Reports5, no. 12 (2004): 1105–9.
  • Hall, W.D., and J.C.Lucke. ‘The Enhancement Use of Neuropharmaceuticals: More Scepticism and Caution Needed’. Addiction105, no. 12 (2010): 2041–3.
  • Hemmersbach, P., and R.de la Torre. ‘Stimulants, Narcotics and β-Blockers: 25 years of Development in Analytical Techniques for Doping Control’. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications687, no. 1 (1996): 221–38.
  • Hemphill, D. ‘Performance Enhancement and Drug Control in Sport: Ethical Considerations’. Sport in Society12, no. 3 (2009): 313–26.
  • Hodges, K., S.Hancock, K.Currell, B.Hamilton, A.E.Jeukendrup. ‘Pseudoephedrine Enhances Performance in 1500-m Runners’. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise38, no. 2 (2006): 329–33.
  • Jacobs, I., and D.G.Bell. ‘Effects of Acute Modafinil Ingestion on Exercise Time to Exhaustion’. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise36, no. 6 (2004): 1078–82.
  • Johnston, L.D., P.M.O'Malley, J.G.Bachman, and J.E.Schulenberg. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2010: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19–50. (NIH Publication No. 10–7585). Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Table 5-2, Table 2-2. http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html2011.
  • Jones, A.R., and J.T.Pichot. ‘Stimulant Use in Sports’. American Journal of Addiction7, no. 4 (1998): 243–55.
  • Kaufman, K.R. ‘Modafinil in Sports: Ethical Considerations’. British Journal of Sports Medicine39, no. 4 (2005): 241–4.
  • König, E. ‘Criticism of Doping: The Nihilistic Side of Technological Sport and the Antiquated View of Sport Ethics’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport30, no. 3 and 4 (1995): 247–60.
  • Magkos, F., and S.A.Kavouras. ‘Caffeine and Ephedrine Physiological, Metabolic and Performance-Enhancing Effects’. Sports Medicine34, no. 13 (2004): 871–89.
  • Magkos, F., and S.A.Kavouras. ‘Caffeine Use in Sports, Pharmacokinetics in Man, and Cellular Mechanisms of Action’. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition45 (2005): 535–62.
  • Maher, B. ‘Poll Results: Look who's Doping’. Nature452 (2008): 674–5.
  • Mason, C.B., and E.M.Lavallee. ‘Emerging Supplements in Sports’. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach4, no. 2 (2012): 142–6.
  • McCabe, S.E., C.J.Boyd, and C.J.Teter. ‘Subtypes of Nonmedical Prescription Drug Misuse’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence102 (2009): 63–70.
  • McDuff, D.R., and D.Baron. ‘Substance Use in Athletics: A Sports Psychiatry Perspective’. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine24, no. 4 (2005): 885–97.
  • Moolenaar, M., P.A.Desmond, D.J.Mascord, G.A.Starmer, B.Tattam, and E.R.Volkerts. ‘The Effects of Ephedrine on the Development of Fatigue in a Prolonged Driving-Related Task’. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental14, no. 6 (1999): 415–27.
  • Mottram, D.R., ed. Drugs in Sport., 5th ed.New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • ‘NCAA Study of Substance Use of College Student-Athletes’. edited by D.M.de Hass. 2001, http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Resources/Research/NCAA+Studies+of+Substance+Use+Habits+of+College+Student-Athletes (accessed December 10, 2011).
  • Noakes, T.D. ‘Time to Move Beyond a Brainless Exercise Physiology: The Evidence for Complex Regulation of Human Exercise Performance’. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism36, no. 1 (2011): 23–35.
  • Outram, S.M. ‘The Future of Enhancement? The Use of Methylphenidate Among Students’. Journal of Medical Ethics36 (2010): 198–202.
  • Parens, E. ‘Authenticity and Ambivalence: Towards Understanding the Enhancement Debate’. Hastings Center Reports35 (2005): 34–41.
  • Partridge, B.J., S.K.Bell, J.C.Lucke, S.Yeates, and W.D.Hall. ‘Smart Drugs “As Common As Coffee”: Media Hype about Neuroenhancement’. PLoS ONE6, no. 11 (2011): 28416e.
  • Petróczi, A., and E.Aidman. ‘Psychological Drivers in Doping: The Life-Cycle Model of Performance Enhancement’. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy3 (2008): 7e.
  • Petróczi, A., J.Mazanov, T.Nepusz, S.H.Backhouse, and D.P.Naughton. ‘Comfort in Big Numbers: Does Over-estimation of Doping Prevalence in Others Indicate Self-involvement?’. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology3 (2008): 19e.
  • Pipe, A., and C.Ayotte. ‘Nutritional Supplements and Doping’. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine12, no. 4 (2002): 245–9.
  • Repantis, D., P.Schlattmann, O.Laisney, and I.Heuser. ‘Modafinil and Methylphenidate for Neuroenhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review’. Pharmacological Research62, no. 3 (2010): 187–206.
  • Richardson, N.J., P.J.Rogers, N.A.Elliman, and R.J.O'Dell. ‘Mood and Performance Effects of Caffeine in Relation to Acute and Chronic Caffeine Deprivation’. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior52, no. 2 (1995): 313–20.
  • Roelands, B., H.Hasegawa, P.Watson, M.F.Piacentini, L.Buyse, G.De Schutter, and R.R.Meeusen. ‘The Effects of Acute Dopamine Reuptake Inhibition on Performance’. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise40, no. 5 (2008): 879–85.
  • Roelands, B., and R.Meeusen. ‘Alterations in Central Fatigue by Pharmacological Manipulations of Neurotransmitters in Normal and High Ambient Temperature’. Sports Medicine40, no. 3 (2010): 229–43.
  • Roelands, B., and R.Meeusen. ‘Caffeine, Dopamine and Thermoregulation’. European Journal of Applied Physiology112 (2012): 1979–80.
  • Sahakian, B., and S.Morein-Zamir. ‘Professor's Little Helper’. Nature450 (2007): 1157–9.
  • Savulescu, J. ‘Justice, Fairness, and Enhancement’. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1093 (2006): 321–38.
  • Savulescu, J., B.Foddy, and M.Clayton. ‘Why We Should Allow Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport’. British Journal of Sports Medicine38 (2004): 666–70.
  • Schermer, M., I.Bolt, R.de Jongh, and B.Olivier. ‘The Future of Psychopharmacological Enhancements: Expectations and Policies’. Neuroethics2 (2009): 75–87.
  • Sinclair, C.J.D., and J.D.Geiger. ‘Caffeine Use in Sports: A Pharmacological Review’. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness40, no. 1 (2000): 71–9.
  • Smith, M.E., and M.J.Farah. ‘Are Prescription Stimulants “Smart Pills”? The Epidemiology and Cognitive Neuroscience of Prescription Stimulant Use by Normal Healthy Individuals’. Psychological Bulletin137, no. 5 (2011): 717–41.
  • Swanson, J.M., T.L.Wigal, and N.D.Volkow. ‘Contrast of Medical and Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Drugs, Basis for the Distinction, and Risk of Addiction: Comment on Smith and Farah’. Psychological Bulletin137, no. 5 (2011): 742–8.
  • Swart, J., R.P.Lamberts, M.I.Lambert, StA.Clair Gibson, E.V.Lambert, J.Skowno, and T.D.Noakes. ‘Exercising with Reserve: Evidence that the Central Nervous System Regulates Prolonged Exercise Performance’. British Journal of Sports Medicine43, no. 10 (2009): 782–8.
  • van Hilvoorde, I., R.Vos, and G.de Wert. ‘Flopping, Klapping and Gene Doping’. Social Studies of Science37, no. 2 (2007): 173–200.
  • Volkow, N.D., G.Wang, J.S.Fowler, J.Logan, M.Gerasimov, L.Maynard, Y.Ding, S.J.Gatley, A.Gifford, and D.Franceschi. ‘Therapeutic Doses of Oral Methylphenidate Significantly Increase Extracellular Dopamine in the Human Brain’. Journal of Neuroscience21, no. 2 (2001): RC121-1–RC121-5.
  • WADA. ‘The World Anti-Doping Code: The 2011 Prohibited List International Standard’. 2011, http://www.wada-ama.org.
  • Wesensten, N., G.Belenky, M.A.Kautz, D.R.Thorne, R.M.Reichardt, and T.J.Balkin. ‘Maintaining Alertness and Performance During Sleep Deprivation: Modafinil Versus Caffeine’. Psychopharmacology159, no. 3 (2002): 238–47.
  • White, B.P., K.A.Becker-Blease, and K.Grace-Bishop. ‘Stimulant Medication Use, Misuse, and Abuse in an Undergraduate and Graduate Student Sample’. Journal of American College Health54, no. 5 (2006): 261–8.
  • White, N.M. ‘Cognitive Enhancement: An Everyday Event?’. International Journal of Psychology33, no. 2 (1998): 95–105.
  • Williams, S.J., C.Seale, S.Boden, P.Low, and D.L.Steinberg. ‘Waking Up to Sleepiness: Modafinil, the Media and the Pharmaceuticalisation of Everyday/Night Life’. Sociology of Health & Illness30, no. 6 (2008): 839–55.
  • Williams, S.J., J.Gabe, and P.Martin. ‘The Pharmaceuticalisation of Society? A Framework for Analysis’. Sociology of Health & Illness33, no. 5 (2011): 710–25.
  • Yesalis, C.E., and M.S.Bahrke. ‘History of Doping in Sport’. International Sports Studies24, no. 1 (2002): 42–76.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.