Organizational evolution and the Olympic Games: the case of sport climbing

References

• Aldrich, H. E., and J. Pfeffer. 1976. “Environments of Organizations.” Annual Review of Sociology 2: 79–105. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.000455.10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.000455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amis, J., T. Slack, and C. R. Hinings. 2004. “The pace, Sequence, and Linearity of Radical Change.” Academy of Management Journal 47 (1): 15–39. doi:10.2307/20159558.10.2307/20159558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubel, O., and F. Ohl. 2004. “The Denegation of the Economy: The Example of Climbing in France.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1177/1012690204043457.10.1177/1012690204043457
   Google Scholar
• Batuev, M. 2016. “‘Free Sports’: Organizational Evolution from Participatory Activities to Olympic Sports.” Doctoral thesis, University of Stirling.
   Google Scholar
• Batuev, M., and L. Robinson. 2017. “How Skateboarding Made It to the Olympics: An Institutional Perspective.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 17: 381–402. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2017.087446.10.1504/IJSMM.2017.087446
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. 1989. Research Methods and Organization Studies. London: Unwin Hyman. doi:10.4324/9780203359648.10.4324/9780203359648
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, R. G. 1991. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• CBJ. 2017. Behind the Scenes of the Broken Deal. Climbing Business Journal, June 5, 2017. Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.climbingbusinessjournal.com/behind-the-scenes-of-the-broken-deal/
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. M., and A. L. Strauss. 2015. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Danisman, A., C. R. Hinings, and T. Slack. 2006. “Integration and Differentiation in Institutional Values: An Empirical Investigation in the Field of Canadian National Sport Organizations.” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 23 (4): 301–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, G. F., and J. Adam Cobb. 2010. “Resource Dependence Theory: Past and Future.” Research in the Sociology of Organizations 28 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1108/rso.10.1108/rso
   Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L., and M. Suchman. 2008. “Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism.” The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism 49–77. doi:10.4135/9781849200387.10.4135/9781849200387
   Google Scholar
• Degun, T. 2013. Climbing Revamps Bid for 2020 Olympic Games. Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1013402/climbing-revamps-bid-for-2020-olympic-games
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P. 1991. “Constructing an Organizational Field as a Professional Project: US Art Museums, 1920–1940.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell, and P. J. DiMaggio, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160. doi:10.2307/2095101.10.2307/2095101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont, G. 2014. “Aesthetics of Attachments: Reflexive Insights on Taste Construction in Climbing.” European Journal for Sport and Society 11 (4): 371–387. doi:10.1080/16138171.2014.11687973.10.1080/16138171.2014.11687973
   Google Scholar
• Dumont, G. 2016. “Multi-Layered Labor: Entrepreneurship and Professional Versatility in Rock Climbing.” Ethnography 17 (4): 440–459. doi:10.1177/1466138116638677.10.1177/1466138116638677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont, G. 2017. “The Beautiful and the Damned: The Work of New Media Production in Professional Rock Climbing.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 41 (2): 99–117. doi:10.1177/0193723516686285.10.1177/0193723516686285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faems, D., M. Janssens, A. Madhok, and B. Van Looy. 2008. “Toward an Integrative Perspective on Alliance Governance: Connecting Contract Design, Trust Dynamics, and Contract Application.” Academy of Management Journal 51: 1053–1078. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732527.10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahlen, J. 2006. “Structures beyond the Frameworks of the Rink: On Organization in Swedish Ice Hockey.” Doctoral thesis, Umea University.
   Google Scholar
• Friedland, R., and R. Alford 1991. “Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, R., and C. R. Hinings. 1988. “Organizational Design Types, Tracks and the Dynamics of Strategic Change.” Organization Studies 9 (3): 293–316. doi:10.1177/017084068800900301.10.1177/017084068800900301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttmann, A. 1978. From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hampden-Turner, C., and F. Trompenaars. 1997. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Global Business. London: Nicholas Brealey.
   Google Scholar
• Heino, R. 2000. “New Sports: What is So Punk about Snowboarding?” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 24 (2): 176–191. doi:10.1177/0193723500242005.10.1177/0193723500242005
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. J. 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Honea, J. C. 2013. “Beyond the Alternative vs. Mainstream Dichotomy: Olympic BMX and the Future of Action Sports.” The Journal of Popular Culture 46 (6):1253–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IFSC. 2017a. Climbing Competitions’ History. Accessed July 10, 2017. https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/history
   Google Scholar
• IFSC. 2017b. “President’s Message.” Accessed July 10, 2017. https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/president-s-message
   Google Scholar
• IFSC. 2017c. “IFSC Official Statement.” Accessed July 10, 2017. https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/news/item/918-ifsc-official-statement
   Google Scholar
• Kiewa, J. 2002. “Traditional Climbing: Metaphor of Resistance or Metanarrative of Oppression?” Leisure Studies 21 (2): 145–161. doi:10.1080/02614360210158605.10.1080/02614360210158605
   Google Scholar
• Kikulis, L. M., T. Slack, and B. Hinings. 1992. “Institutionally Specific Design Archetypes: A Framework for Understanding Change in National Sport Organizations.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 27 (4): 343–368. doi:10.1177/101269029202700405.10.1177/101269029202700405
   Google Scholar
• Kraatz, M. S., and E. S. Block. 2008. “Organizational Implications of Institutional Pluralism.” The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism 840: 243–275. doi:10.4135/9781849200387.10.4135/9781849200387
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, D. 2012. “Lead Climbing Only for 2020 Olympic Bid.” Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.climbing.com/news/lead-climbing-only-for-2020-olympic-bid/
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, D. 2013. “New Olympic Plan: Climbers Must Compete in Bouldering, Lead, and Speed.” Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.climbing.com/news/new-olympic-plan-climbers-must-compete-in-bouldering-lead-and-speed/
   Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., V. D. Siersma, and A. D. Guassora. 2016. Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power Qualitative Health Research. 26 (13): 1753–1760.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. W., and B. Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83 (2): 340–363. doi:10.1086/226550.10.1086/226550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. W., and W. R. Scott. 1983. Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., and T. Slack. 2003. “An Analysis of Change in an Organizational Field: The Professionalization of English Rugby Union.” Journal of Sport Management 17 (4): 417–448. doi:10.1123/jsm.17.4.417.10.1123/jsm.17.4.417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., and T. Slack. 2004. “The Emergence of a Professional Logic in English Rugby Union: The Role of Isomorphic and Diffusion Processes.” Journal of Sport Management 18 (1): 13–39. doi:10.1123/jsm.18.1.13.10.1123/jsm.18.1.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, C. A., J. Chatman, and D. F. Caldwell. 1991. “People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit.” Academy of Management Journal 34 (3): 487–516. doi:10.2307/256404.10.2307/256404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Peachey, J. W., and J. Bruening. 2011. “An Examination of Environmental Forces Driving Change and Stakeholder Responses in a Football Championship Subdivision Athletic Department.” Sport Management Review 14 (2): 202–219. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.002.10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J. and G. R. Salancik 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective New York: Harper & Row, c1978.
   Google Scholar
• Potgieter, S. A. 2006. “Exploring Rock Climbing Discourses.” Diss., University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, W. W. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, R., and J. Rohrbaugh. 1983. “A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis.” Management Science 29 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363.10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickly-Boyd, J. M. 2012. “Lifestyle Climbing: Toward Existential Authenticity.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 17 (2): 85–104. doi:10.1080/14775085.2012.729898.10.1080/14775085.2012.729898
   Google Scholar
• Robson, C. 2002 Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, E. H. 1985. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, W. R. 1995. Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Selznick, P. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots; a Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skille, E. 2011. “Change and Isomorphism – A Case Study of Translation Processes in a Norwegian Sport Club.” Sport Management Review 14: 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.002.10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirstad, B., and P. Chelladurai. 2011. “For ‘Love’ and Money: A Sports Club’s Innovative Response to Multiple Logics.” Journal of Sport Management 25 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.4.339.10.1123/jsm.25.4.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. C. T., and D. Shilbury. 2004. “Mapping Cultural Dimensions in Australian Sporting Organisations.” Sport Management Review 7 (2): 133–165. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70048-0.10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70048-0
   Google Scholar
• Southall, R. M., and M. S. Nagel. 2008. “A Case-Study Analysis of NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Tournament Broadcasts: Educational or Commercial Activity?” International Journal of Sport Communication 1 (4): 516–533. doi:10.1123/ijsc.1.4.516.10.1123/ijsc.1.4.516
   Google Scholar
• Sportcal. 2017. Six-Person IFSC Struggles to Cope with Demands of Adding Sport Climbing to Olympics. Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.sportcal.com/News/FeaturedNews/110196
   Google Scholar
• iSportconnect. 2013. Profile of the Week: Marco Maria Scolaris - President, International Federation of Sport Climbing. Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.isportconnect.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18079&Itemid=471
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, S. 2009. “Competitions, Funding, the Olympics and the BMC.” Accessed July 10, 2017. http://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/page.php?id=2114
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, H., and B. Wheaton. 2011. “‘Generation X Games’, Action Sports and the Olympic Movement: Understanding the Cultural Politics of Incorporation.” Sociology. 45: 830–847. doi:10.1177/0038038511413427.10.1177/0038038511413427
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, H and B. Wheaton. 2016. Youth Perceptions of the Olympic Games: Attitudes towards Action Sports at the YOG and Olympic Games. Final report for the IOC Olympic Studies Centre. Accessed July 10, 2017. https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/165853
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, M. A. 1957. “The Key Informant Technique: A Nonethnographic Application.” American Anthropologist 59: 688–701. doi:10.1525/aa.1957.59.issue-4.10.1525/aa.1957.59.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson, S. 1991. “Competition Climbing: An Overview of the History and Organization of Rock Climbing Competitions.” Association of Outdoor Recreation & Education Conference Proceedings 107–113.
   Google Scholar
• UIAA. 2009. UIAA and the Olympic Movement “Everything Mountaineering”: Report to the IOC Sports Department. International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation: August 2009.
   Google Scholar
• UIAA. 2017. “History.” Accessed July 10, 2017. http://theuiaa.org/about/
   Google Scholar
• Washington, M., and K. D. W. Patterson. 2011. “Hostile Takeover or Joint Venture: Connections between Institutional Theory and Sport Management Research.” Sport Management Review 14 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.003.10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, Y. 1988. “Forms of Value Systems: A Focus on Organizational Effectiveness and Cultural Change and Maintenance.” The Academy of Management Review 13 (4): 534–545.
   Google Scholar
• Woermann, N. 2012. “On the Slope is on the Screen: Prosumption, Social Media Practices, and Scopic Systems in the Freeskiing Subculture.” American Behavioral Scientist. 56 (4): 618–640. doi:10.1177/0002764211429363.10.1177/0002764211429363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R.K. 2012. Applications of Case Study Research / Robert K. Yin. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, c2012; 3rd ed.
   Google Scholar
• Zucker, L. G. 1983 “Organizations as Institutions” In Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by Sam Bacharach, 1–47. Greenwich, CN: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar