Publication Cover
Sport in Society
Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics
Volume 23, 2020 - Issue 5
5,081
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Was Glasgow 2014 inspirational? Exploring the legacy impacts of a mega-sport event via the theorized demonstration and festival effects

, , &

References

  • Adams, S. A., C. E. Matthews, C. B. Ebbeling, C. G. Moore, J. E. Cunningham, J. Fulton., J. R. Hebert. 2005. “The Effect of 492 Social Desirability and Social Approval on Self-Reports of Physical Activity.” American Journal of Epidemiology 493 (161): 389–398. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi054.
  • Alm, J. 2012. World Stadium Index: Stadiums Built for Major Sporting Events – Bright Future or Future Burden?. Copenhagen: Play the Game and the Danish Institute for Sports Studies.
  • Bauman, A. E., R. S. Reis, J. F. Sallis, J. C. Wells, R. J. Loos, and B. W. Martin. 2012. “Correlates of Physical Activity: Why Are Some People Physically Active and Others Not?” Lancet (London, England) 380 (9838): 258–271. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1
  • Bonevski, B., M. Randell, C. Paul, K. Chapman, L. Twyman, J. Bryant, I. Brozek, and C. Hughes. 2014. “Reaching the Hard-to-reach: A Systematic Review of Strategies for Improving Health and Medical Research with Socially Disadvantaged Groups.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 14: 42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-42
  • British Heart Foundation (BHF). 2015. “Physical Activity statistics.” https://www.bhf.org.uk/~/media/files/publications/research/bhf_physical-activity-statistics-2015feb.pdf
  • Cashman, R. 2003. Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis olimpics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
  • Chalip, L. 2006. “Towards Social Leverage of Sport Events.” Journal of Sport and Tourism 11 (2): 109–27. doi: 10.1080/14775080601155126.
  • Clark, J., and A. Kearns. 2013. GoWell in Glasgow’s East End Baseline Community Survey 2012 Report One: Headline Indicators. Glasgow: GCPH/GoWell.
  • Clark, J., and A. Kearns. 2014. People, Place and Prosperity in the East End of Glasgow: An Assessment of the Potential Economic Impacts of the 2014 Commonwealth Games and Associated Regeneration Activities on Local People. Glasgow: GoWell & Glasgow Centre for Population Health.
  • Clark, J., and A. Kearns. 2014. The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: A Prospective Assessment of Regeneration for a Physical Activity Legacy. Glasgow: GoWell & Glasgow Centre for Population Health.
  • Clark, J., and A. Kearns. 2015. “Pathways to Physical Activity Legacy: Assessing the Regeneration Potential of Multi-sport Events Using a Prospective Approach.” Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 30 (8): 888–909. doi: 10.1177/0269094215601993.
  • Clark, J., and A. Kearns. 2016. “Going for Gold? A Prospective Assessment of the Economic Impacts of the Glasgow 2014 Games upon the East End of Glasgow.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 34 (8): 1474–1500. doi: 10.1177/0263774X15624923.
  • Clark, J., A. Kearns, and C. Cleland. 2016. “Spatial Scale, time and Process in Mega-events: the Complexity of Host Community Perspectives on Neighbourhood Change.” Cities 53: 87–97. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.012
  • Cleland, C. L., R. F. Hunter, M. A. Tully, D. Scott, F. Kee, M. Donnelly, L. Prior, and M. E. Cupples. 2014. “Identifying Solutions to Increase Participation in Physical Activity Interventions within a Socio-economically Disadvantaged Community: a Qualitative Study.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 11 (1): 68. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-68.
  • Cleland, C. L., M. A. Tully, F. Kee, and M. E. Cupples. 2012. “The Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions in Socio-economically Disadvantaged Communities: A Systematic Review.” Preventive Medicine 54 (6): 371–380. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.004.
  • Cleland, C. L., S. Stewart, J. Clark, A. Kearns, and A. Ellaway. 2015. “GoWell East: studying change in Glasgow’s East End Headline indicators report for wave 2 (2015) in comparison with wave 1 (2012).” Project Report. GoWell/Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow. http://www.gowellonline.com/assets/0000/3760/GoWell_East_Headline_Indicators_comparison_report.pdf
  • Craig, C. L., A. L. Marshall, M. Sjöström, A. E. Bauman, M.L. Booth, B. E. Ainsworth, et al. 2003. “International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12 Country Reliability and Validity.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35 (8): 1381–1395. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.
  • Egan, M., A. Kearns, P. Mason, C. Tannahill, L. Bond, J. Coyle, et al. 2010. “Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study Investigating the Impact of Investment in Housing, Regeneration and Neighbourhood Renewal on the Health and Wellbeing of Residents: The GoWell Programme.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 10: 41. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-41
  • Glasgow City Council (GCC). 2008. Changing Places, Changing Lives: East End Local Development Strategy. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council.
  • Glasgow City Council. 2014. “The Glasgow 2014 Legacy Story, For People, Business and Communities.” https://glasgow.gov.uk/ChttpHandler.ashx?id=20239&p=0
  • Heath, G. W., D. C. Parra, O. L. Sarmiento, L. B. Andersen, N. Owen, S. Goenka, F. Montes, and R. C. Brownson. 2012. “Evidence-based Physical Activity Interventions: Lessons from Around the World.” Lancet 380 (9838): 272–281. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60816-2.
  • Hillsdon, M., C. Foster, and M. Thorogood. 2005. “Interventions for Promoting Physical Activity.” Cochrane Library: Cochrane Reviews 1: CD003180.
  • Hindson, A., B. Gidlow, and C. Peebles. 1994. “The ‘trickle-down’ Effect of Top-level Sport: Myth or Reality? A Case-study of the Olympics.” Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation 4 (1): 16–24.
  • HM Government, 2013. “Inspired by 2012: The legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.” A joint UK Government and Major of London Report. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2901179_OlympicLegacy_acc.pdf
  • Horne, J., and W. Manzenreiter. 2006. Sports Mega-Events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • IPAQ. 2005. “Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).” The International Physical Activity Questionnaire. http://www.ipaq.ki.se/
  • Kemlo, G., and E. Owe. 2014. “A Review of the Evidence of Legacy of Major Sporting Events.” Scottish Government Social Research Report. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00449028.pdf
  • Kidd, M., J. Clark, and A. Kearns. 2017. After the Event: Perceptions of Change and Issues of Fairness in Dalmarnock, Glasgow. Glasgow: GoWell/Glasgow Centre for Population Health.
  • Kohl, H. W., C. L. Craig, E. V. Lambert, S. Inoue, J. S. Alkandari, G. Leetongin, and S. Kahlmeier. 2012. “The Pandemic of Physical Inactivity: global Action for Public Health.” Lancet 380 (9838): 294–305. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8.
  • Kornblatt, T. 2006. Setting the Bar: Preparing for London’s Olympic Legacy’2. Centre for Cities Discussion Paper 8. London, UK: Centre for Cities/Institute for Public Policy.
  • Leadbetter, C., J. Geyer, and N. O’Connor. 2014. The Scottish Health Survey. Physical Activity Topic. Report. Edinburgh, UK: The Scottish Government.
  • Lee, P. H., Y. Y. Yu, I. McDowell, G. M. Leung, T. H. Lam, and S. M. Stewart. 2011. “Performance of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Short Form) in Subgroups of the Hong Kong Chinese Population.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1 (8): 81.
  • Lovett, E., and D. Bloyce. 2017. “‘What Happened to the Legacy from London 2012?’ a Sociological Analysis of the Processes Involved in Preparing for a Grassroots Sporting Legacy from London 2012 outside the Host City.” Sport in Society 20 (11): 1625–1643.
  • MacAloon, J. 2008. “‘Legacy’ as Managerial/Magical Discourse in Contemporary Olympic Affairs.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (14): 2060–2071.
  • Mair, J., and J. H. Laing. 2013. “Encouraging Pro-environmental Behaviour: The Role of Sustainability Focused Events.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (8): 1113–1128. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.756494.
  • Marmot, M., S. Friel, R. Bell, T. A. Houweling, and S. Taylor. 2008. “Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health.” Lancet 372 (9650): 1661–1669. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.
  • McCartney, G., P. Hanlon, and L. Bond. 2013. “How Will the 2014 Commonwealth Games Impact on Glasgow’s Health, and How Will we Know?” Evaluation 19 (1): 24–39. doi: 10.1177/1356389012471885.
  • McCartney, G., S. Thomas, H. Thomson, J. Scott, V. Hamilton, P. Hanlon, D. S. Morrison, and L. Bond. 2010. “The Health and Socioeconomic Impacts of Major Multi-sport Events: systematic Review (1978–2008).” BMJ 340: c2369. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c2369
  • Michie, S., S. Ashford, F. F. Sniehotta, S. U. Dombrowski, A. Bishop, and D. P. French. 2011. “A Refined Taxonomy of Behaviour Change Techniques to Help People Change Their Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Behaviours: The CALORE Taxonomy.” Psychology & Health 26 (11): 1479–1498. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2010.540664.
  • Morris, J. N., J. A. Heady, P. A. Raffle, C. G. Roberts, and J. W. Park. 1953. “Coronary Heart-Disease and Physical Activity of Work.” Lancet 265: 1053–1057. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90665-5.
  • Naci, H., and J. P. A. Lonnidis. 2013. “Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise and Drug Interventions on Mortality Outcomes: Meta Epidemiological Study.” BMJ 347: f5577. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5577
  • Orrow, G., A.-L. Kinmonth, S. Sanderson, and S. Sutton. 2012. “Effectiveness of Physical Activity Promotion Based in Primary Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.” BMJ 47 (1): e1389.
  • Patterson, E. 2010. “Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) e Short and Long Forms.” Accessed 02 July 2014. https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/scoring-protocol
  • Preuss, H. 2007. “The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies.” Journal of Sport and Tourism 12 (3–4): 207–228. doi: 10.1080/14775080701736957
  • Prochaska, J. O., and W. F. Velicer. 1997. “The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behaviour Change (Review).” American Journal of Health Promotion 12 (1): 38–48. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.
  • Ramchandani, G., L. E. Davies, R. Coleman, S. Shibli, and J. Bingham. 2015. “Limited or Lasting Legacy? The Effect of Non-mega Sport Event Attendance on Participation.” European Sport Management Quarterly 15 (1): 93–110. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.996583.
  • Ramchandani, G., T. Kokolakakis, and R. Coleman. 2014. “Factors Influencing the Inspiration Effect of Major Sports Events on Audience Sport Participation Behaviour.” World Leisure Journal 56 (3): 220–235. doi: 10.1080/16078055.2014.938296.
  • Rogerson, R. J. 2016. “Re-defining Temporal Notions of Event Legacy: Lessons from Glasgow’s Commonwealth Games.” Annals of Leisure Research 19 (4): 497–518. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1151367.
  • Scottish Government 2012. The Scottish Health Survey Volume 1: Adults. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Government.
  • Scottish Government Communities Analytical Services (CASD) and the Games Legacy Evaluation Working Group 2014. An Evaluation of Legacy from the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games Pre-Games Report. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Government Social Research.
  • Scottish Government Social Research 2012. “An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games 2014 Legacy for Scotland. Report 1: Questions, Methods and Baseline.” The Games Legacy Evaluation Working Group. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0040/00408160.pdf
  • Smith, A. 2009. “Theorising the Relationship between Major Sport Events and Social Sustainability.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 14: 109–120.
  • Sotiriadou, P., D. Shilbury, and S. Quick. 2008. “The Attraction, retention/transition and Nurturing Process of Sport Development: Some Australian Evidence.” Journal of Sport Management 22 (3): 247–272. doi: 10.1123/jsm.22.3.247.
  • Veal, A. J., K. Toohey, and S. Frawley. 2012. “The Sport Participation Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and Other International Sporting Events Hosted in Australia.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 4 (2): 155–184. doi: 10.1080/19407963.2012.662619.
  • Walsh, D. 2008. “Health and Wellbeing in Glasgow and the GoWell Areas – Deprivation Based Analyses.”. Glasgow: Glasgow Centre for Population Health.
  • Walsh, D., N. Bendel, R. Jones, and P. Hanlon. 2010. “It’s Not ‘just Deprivation’: Why Do Equally Deprived UK Cities Experience Different Health Outcomes?” Public Health 124 (9): 487–495. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.006.
  • Weed, M. 2009. “The potential of the demonstration effect to grow and sustain participation in sport.” Review Paper for Sport England. Canterbury Christ Church University: Centre for Sport, Physical Education & Activity Research (SPEAR). http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwio1tHA1pnJAhWJuBQKHcqACJ8&url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sportengland.org%2Fabout_us%2Fsport_england_conferences%2Fidoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Db97bc095-eb32-4c20-91d4-5943b85e9462%26version%3D2&usg=AFQjCNFF3LOEQqJf1tqaTSMjwjbVtYGmKA
  • Weed, M., E. Coren, J. Fiore, I. Wellard, D. Chatziefstathiou, L. Mansfield, et al. 2015. “The Olympic Games and Raising Sport Participation: A Systematic Review of Evidence and an Integration of Policy for a Demonstration Effect.” European Sport Management Quarterly 15 (2): 195–226. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.998695.
  • Wicker, P., and P. Sotiriadou. 2013. “The Trickle – down Effect: What Population Groups Benefit from Hosting Major Sports Events?” International Journal of Event Management 8 (2): 25–41.
  • Whitson, D., and D. Macintosh. 1996. “The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism, and the Marketing of Cities.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20 (3): 278–284.
  • Williams, S. L., and D. P. French. 2011. “What Are the Most Effective Intervention Techniques for Changing Physical Activity Self-efficacy and Physical Activity Behavioural and Are They the Same?” Health Education Research 26 (2): 308–322. doi: 10.1093/her/cyr005.