Beautiful and good woman: gender role negotiation among Taiwanese women who belly dance

References

• AlZayer, P. 2004. World of Dance: Middle Eastern Dance. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Boeije, H. 2002. “A Purposeful Approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the Analysis of Qualitative Interviews.” Quality and Quantity 36 (4): 391–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonaventura, W. 1998. Serpent of the Nile: Women and Dance in the Arab World. New York, NY: Interlink.
   Google Scholar
• Carlton, D. 1994. Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington, IN: IDD Books.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C. H. 2000. “Weight-Loss Advertisements in Taiwan from 1982 to 1999—A Multiperspective Approach.” The Journal of Advertising Research 15: 67–114.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, K. S., and M. Y. Song. 2010. “The Stranded Individualizer under Compressed Modernity: South Korean Women in Individualization without Individualism.” The British Journal of Sociology 61 (3): 539–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S. L. 2011. “Comparison of Different Exercises on the Physical Fitness and Quality of Life of Middle Aged Women.” Journal of Physical Education Fu Jen Catholic University 10: 115–133.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, X. H. 2009a. “Glamorous Dance in Taiwan—Two Myths of Women Body.” Forum in Women’s and Gender Studies 90: 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y. C. 2014. “Exotic Image, Healthy Exercise, Modern Beauty and Traditional Virtue: The Glocalization of Belly Dance in Taiwan.” Unpublished Doctoral diss., Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., P. H. Lin, and T. Sogawa. 2017. “Belly Dancing as Exercise: image-Building of a Foreign Dance in Taiwan.” Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 6 (1): 34–45. doi: 10.1080/21640599.2017.1286107.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Z. H. 2009b. “New Trend of Taiwan Leisure Exercise: A Study of the Development of Middle Eastern Dance.” Journal of Physical EducatioNational Taipei University of Education 3: 72–80.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. C. 2011a. “A Study of the Body Experience in Middle Eastern Belly Dance Infusion Curriculum -A Case Study in Wanhua Community College.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Chi-Nan University, Nantou.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. H. 2011b. “Sports and Gender Stereotypes: A Case Study of Male Belly Dance Instructors.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G. X. 2006. Deimperialism; Taking an Asian Methodological Turn. Taipei: Editions du Flaneur, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. L. 2007. “A study on the current state of Belly Dancing’s development in Taiwan.” Accessed July 15, 2016. http://lucybd.xxking.com/ShowArticle.asp?menu=show_article&cate_ser=36&article_ser=240
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, F. T. 2018. “Towards a Florid Critique: An Interpretation of the Contemporary Belly-Dance Phenomenon in Taiwan.” Journal of Women’s and Gender Studies 42: 39–71.
   Google Scholar
• Chiang, Y. 2016. The contradictory complex between women and sport. [Online forum comment], 11 October. http://twstreetcorner.org/2016/10/11/ying-chiang/
   Google Scholar
• Chiang, Y., and A. Bairner. 2018. Women, Sport and the Politics of Gender in Taiwan. In Women, Sport and Exercise in the Asia-PacificRegion: Domination-Resistance-Accommodation, edited by G. Molnar, S. N. Amin, and Y. Kanemasu, pp. 21–36. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu, C. C. 2003. “The cultural study of recreational fitness and lifestyle.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, Z.-H. 2000. “The Emergence of the New Sacred Temple Priestess.” Habibi 18 (2): 46–51.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, C. C. 2015. “The Relation of Personality of bellydancers to the Design Satisfaction and Repurchase Intentions.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, P. I. 1999. “Research on Technology and Medical History in Taiwan: An Analysis on the Knowledge Groups in Modern Taiwan.” Journal of the Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica 4 (2): 157–174.
   Google Scholar
• Crobsy, J. 2000. “The Goddess Dances: Spirituality and American Women’s Interpretations of Middle Eastern Dance.” In Daughters of the Goddess: Studies of Healing, Identity and Empowerment, edited by W. Griffin, 166–182. New York, NY: Rowman & LittleField Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Deagon, A. 2013. “The Golden Mask: Tipping the Belly Dancer in America.” Feminist Studies 9 (1): 71–97.
   Google Scholar
• Deaver, S. 1978. “Concealment vs. Display: The Modern Saudi Woman.” Dance Research Journal 10 (2): 14–18. doi: 10.2307/1477999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deem, R. 1986. All Work and No Play?” The Sociology of Women and Leisure. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty, R. 2005. “Dance and the Dancer in Egyptian Films.” In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 145–171. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Downey, D. J., J. J. Reel, S. SooHoo, and S. Zerbib. 2010. “Body Image in Belly Dance: Integrating Alternative Norms into Collective Identity.” Journal of Gender Studies 19 (4): 377–393. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2010.514209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dox, D. 2005. Spirit from the body: Belly Dance as a spiritual practice. In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by A. Shay and B. Sellers-Young, 303–340. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dox, D. 2006. “Dancing around Orientalism.” The Drama Review 50 (4): 52–71. doi: 10.1162/dram.2006.50.4.52.
   Google Scholar
• Du, S. 2011. Women and Gender in Contemporary Chinese Societies: Beyond Han Patriarchy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Du, Y. R. 2003. “Who’s talking women’s body? Take body-slimming TV advertisements for example.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Farris, C. S., A. Lee, and M. A. Rubinstein. 2004. Women in the New Taiwan: gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Firestone, J., and B. A. Shelton. 1994. “A Comparison of Women’s and Men’s Leisure Time: Subtle Effects of the Double Day.” Leisure Science 16 (1): 45–60. doi: 10.1080/01490409409513216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. M. 2003. “Orientalism, Representation and Created Fantasies: The Transformation of Traditional Middle Eastern Dances to Belly Dance.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Forner, M. L. 1996. “The Transmission of Oriental Dance in the United States: From Raqs Sharqi to Belly Dance.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of California, California.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, R. W. 2016. “A Study on the Participatory processes and Body Image of Belly Dancers.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National University of Tainan, Tainan.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes-Clark, J. L. 2010. “American Belly Dance and the Invention of the New Exotic: Orientalism, Feminism, and Popular Culture.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Portland State University, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Hobin, T. 2003. Belly Dance: The Dance of Mother Earth. London: Marion Boyars.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, S. 2004. Alternative Feminities: Body, Age, and Identity. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C. M. 2004. “The Legend of Meidonfon: From a Electronic Factory Labor to The Body-Slimming Queen—Ya-Ching Chuang.” Business Today 393. http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, S. F. 2003. “A Study on the Relationship among Gender, Family Life Cycle, Family Leisure Participation Frequency, and Leisure Constraints.” Tourism Management Research 3 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, J. L. 2011. History, Body and Nation/State: The Formation of Body in Modern China, 1895–1937. Taipei: Linking.
   Google Scholar
• Jarmakani, A. 2006. Belly Dancing for Liberation: A Critical Interpretation of Reclamation Rhetoric in the American Belly Dance Community. In Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora, edited by D.A. Zabel, 145–168. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, P. 2001. “Selling the Modern Woman: Consumer Culture and Chinese Gender Politics.” In Images of the Modern Woman in Asia: Global Media, Local Meanings, edited by Shoma Munshi. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
   Google Scholar
• Karayanni, S. S. 2009. “Sacred Embodiment: Fertility, Ritual, Mother Goddess, and Cultures of Belly Dance.” Religion and the Arts 13 (4): 448–463. doi: 10.1163/107992609X12524941449921.
   Google Scholar
• Ke, Y. C. 2009. “Participant Motivation and Cultural Identity in Belly Dancing: A Case Study of a Community in Shitwen District of Taichung City.” Dance Education 9: 63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Ke, Y. C. 2016. “A Study of Participation Motivation and Culture Identity of Belly Dancers in Taichung City.” Journal of Physical Education and Leisure, Ling Tung University 14: 75–90.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, R. 2009. “Straddling the Sacred and Secular: Creating a Spiritual Experience through Belly Dance.” Sociological Spectrum 29 (5): 598–625. doi: 10.1080/02732170903051383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, R. 2010a. “We Are Not Strippers: How Belly Dancers Manage a (Soft) Stigmatized Serious Leisure Activity.” Symbolic Interaction 33 (3): 435–455. doi: 10.1525/si.2010.33.3.435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, R. 2010b. “They Danced in the Bible: Identity Integration among Christian Women Who Belly Dance.” Sociology of Religion 71 (4): 457–482. doi: 10.1093/socrel/srq077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, R. 2014. “Becoming a Belly Dancer: gender, the Life Course and the Beginnings of a Serious Leisure Career.” Leisure Studies 33 (6): 565–579. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2013.833284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B., and A. Zhang. 2010. “Women’s Leisure and Leisure Satisfaction in Contemporary Urban China.” World Leisure Journal 3: 211–221. doi: 10.1080/04419057.2010.9728284.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. Y. 2014. “A Study of the Experience of Learning Bellydance of Four Females.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Chinese Culture University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, P. C. 2007. “A Study on Belly Dance Development.” Journal of Internet Sociology 65. Accessed July 15, 2016http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/65/65-03.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H. 1997. “Urban Women Leisure Patterns and Constraints.” Outdoor Recreation Research 10 (1): 43–68.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. Y. 2011. “Consumption and Daily Life.” In The History of Republic of China, edited by Y. H. Chang, 589–619. Taipei, Taiwan: National Chengchi University
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. J., T. M. Yeh, and Y. L. Lin. 2016. “Exercise and Leisure! The Effect of Belly Dance Participants’ Leisure Involvement on Leisure Benefits.” Journal of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Research 11 (3): 57–59.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, H. H., and L. L. Pi. 2010. “Categories of Dance Courses of Taipei City Community Universities.” Sports Research Review 107: 8–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lifton, R. J. 1993. The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maira, S. 2008. “Belly Dancing: Arab-Face, Orientalist Feminism, and U.S. Empire.” American Quarterly 60 (2): 317–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, C. 1999. God Gave us the Right: Conservative Catholic, EvangelicalProtestants, and Orthodox Jewish Women Grapple with Feminism. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahaffy, K. A. 1996. “Cognitive Dissonance and Its Resolution: A Study of Lesbian Christians.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 35 (4): 392–402. doi: 10.2307/1386414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauthner, N. S., and A. Doucet. 2003. “Reflexive Accounts and Accounts of Reflexivity in Qualitative Data Analysis.” Sociology 37 (3): 413–431. doi: 10.1177/00380385030373002.
   Google Scholar
• Moe, A. A. 2012. “Beyond the Belly: An Appraisal of Middle Eastern Dance (Aka Belly Dance) as Leisure.” Journal of Leisure Research 44 (2): 201–233. doi: 10.1080/00222216.2012.11950262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwkerk, K. V. 1995. A Trade like Any Other: Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oatley, D. 1999. “Staging Unstable Bodies: The Practice of Oriental Dance in the West Within the Context of the Postmodern.” Habibi 17 (4): 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Potuoglu-Cook, O. 2006. “Beyond the Glitter: Belly Dance and Neoliberal Gentrification in Istanbul.” Cultural Anthropology 21 (4): 633–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, A. 2005. “An evening in the orient.” In Belly Dance: Orientalism Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by A. Shay and B. Sellers-Young, 172–206. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, E. M., and S. C. Ouellette. 2000. “Gay and Lesbian Christians: Homosexual and Religious Identity Integration in the Members and Participants of a Gay-Positive Church.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39 (3): 333–347. doi: 10.1111/0021-8294.00028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers-Young, B. 1992. “Raqs El Sharqi: Transculturation of a Folk Form.” The Journal of Popular Culture 26 (2): 141–152. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1992.2602141.x.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers-Young, B. 2005. “Body, image, identity: American tribal Belly Dance.” In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by A. Shay and B. Sellers, pp. 277–303. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, P. 2012. “Gender and the media.” In Gender Dimensions in Taiwanese Society, edited by Huang, S. L. and Yu, M. H., 87–106. Taipei: Juilio.
   Google Scholar
• Shay, A. 1998. “Danse du ventre.” In International Encyclopedia of Dance: A Project of Dance Perspectives Foundation, edited by S. J. Cohen, and Dance Perspectives Foundation, Vol. 2, 344–346. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shay, A., and B. Sellers-Young. 2003. “Belly Dance: Orientalism; Exoticism: Self-Exoticism.” Dance Research Journal 35 (1): 13–37. doi: 10.1017/S0149767700008755.
   Google Scholar
• Shay, A., and B. Sellers-Young. 2005. “Introduction”. In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 1–27. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, R. G., and B. H. Chu. 2008. “A Study on Tainan’s Female Consumers’ Course Requirements towards Leisure Dance.” Journal of Sports Knowledge 5: 185–199.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., and N. Caddick. 2012. “Qualitative Methods in Sport: A Concise Overview for Guiding Social Scientific Sport Research.” Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 1 (1): 60–73. doi: 10.1080/21640599.2012.701373.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, I. 2000. Sacred Women, Sacred Dance: Awakening Spirituality through Movement & Ritual. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.
   Google Scholar
• Su, M. J., I. H. Yang, and S. Y. Li. 2013. “A Study on Constraint Factors of Leisure Sports for Married Women in Taiwan.” Journal of Sport and Recreation Research 8 (2): 41–67.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, L. 2005. “They Said She Could Dance on a Single Tile.” In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 342–350. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tamney, J. B., and L. H. Chiang. 2002. Modernization, Globalization, and Confucianism in Chinese Societies. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Thumma, S. 1991. “Negotiating a Religious Identity: The Case of the Gay Evangelical.” Sociological Analysis 52 (4): 333–347. doi: 10.2307/3710850.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. T. 2006. “The Influence of Confucianism on Women’s Leisure in Taiwan.” Leisure Studies 25 (4): 469–476. doi: 10.1080/02614360600898177.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. T. 2008. “The Women’s Movement and Women’s Leisure in Taiwan.” World Leisure Journal 50 (1): 70–78. doi: 10.1080/04419057.2008.9674528.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. T. 2009a. “Media Systems and Their Effects on Women’s Sport Participation in Taiwan.” Sport, Education and Society 14 (1): 37–53. doi: 10.1080/13573320802615023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. Z. 2009b. “Sexy Dancer or Generative Goddess.” Forum in Women’s and Gender Studies 90: 4–14.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. Z. 2009c. “Don’t Want to Call It Belly Dance: Designing a Physical Education Curriculum Corresponding to Teaching Philosophies of Community University.” Forum in Women’s and Gender Studies 91: 93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng, S. L. 2011. “The Action Research of Integrating Somatic Movement Education into Belly Dance Instructions.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Taitung University, Taitung.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, G. 2006. “Fag Church: Men Who Integrate Gay and Christian Identities.” Journal of Homosexuality 51 (2): 1–17. doi: 10.1300/J082v51n02_01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, J. B., E. R. Vinoski, J. Warren-Findlow, M. P. Padro, E. N. Burris, and E. M. Suddreth. 2017. “Is the ‘Yoga Bod’ the New Skinny?: A Comparative Content Analysis of Mainstream Yoga Lifestyle Magazine Covers.” Body Image 20: 87–98. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, N. 1991. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used against Women. 1st ed. New York: W. Morrow.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. J. 2012. “Meidonfon: The Better Service makes Treatments as Vacation.” Global Views Monthly Special Issue—The Consuming Trend of 2012. http://www.gvm.com.tw/Boardcontent_19773.html
   Google Scholar
• Wang, P. S. 2009. “Representing Beauty: The Meaning and Changes of the Process of Belly-Dance Performance by Burn Survivors and People with Facial Disfigurement.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Soochow University, Taipei
   Google Scholar
• Yang, F. C. 2007. “Beautiful-and-Bad Woman: Media Feminism and the Politics of Its Construction.” Feminist Studies 33 (2): 361–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F. C. 2008. “Engaging With Korean Dramas: Discourses of Gender, Media, and Class Formation in Taiwan.” Asian Journal of Communication 18 (1): 64–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F. C. 2011. “Constructing Shou-Nyus’ Identity and Desire: The Politics of Translation in Taiwanese Sex and the City.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14 (3): 235–249. doi: 10.1177/1367877910391863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. L. 2015. “Impact of Belly Dance Learning on the Body Image and Physical Mental Health for the Adolescences.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Chinese Culture University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, R. T. 2007. “A Study of the Bodily Experiences of Belly Dance. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Chungyuan University, Taoyuan.
   Google Scholar
• Yeh, C. K. 1995. “Women Rights and Women’s Leisure.” Outdoor Recreation Research 8 (3): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C. J. 2013. “Brilliant Phoenix Dancing in Spring –The Construction of the Facial Disfigurement Women’s Body Image and Meaning of Life by the Performance of Belly Dance.” Unpublished Doctoral thesis, National Sport University, Taoyuan.
   Google Scholar
• Yio, C. 2000. “Protecting Adopted Daughters Movement in the 1950s: Adopted Daughters, Women’s Work, and the Home/Nation.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C. C., Y. H. Liaw, and S. Barnd. 2004. “Cultural and Social Factors Affecting Women’s Physical Activity Participation in Taiwan.” Sport, Education and Society 9 (3): 379–393. doi: 10.1080/13573320412331302449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar