1,219
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Management, Marketing and Economy in Sports Organizations

An analysis of new social fitness activities: loyalty in female and male CrossFit users

, , , , &

References

  • Alonso-Dos-Santos, M., F. R. Guardia, C. P. Campos, F. Calabuig-Moreno, and Y. J. Ko. 2018. “Engagement in Sports Virtual Brand Communities.” Journal of Business Research 89: 273–279. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.053.
  • Arbuckle, J. L. 2008. AMOS 17 User’s Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
  • Aronowitz, J. G. 2018. Optimize Your Fitness, Optimize Your Business: The Balanced Scorecard, Analysis and Application for the CrossFit Affiliate. Claremont: McKenna College.
  • Avourdiadou, S., and N. D. Theodorakis. 2014. “The Development of Loyalty among Novice and Experienced Customers of Sport and Fitness Centres.” Sport Management Review 17 (4): 419–431. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.001.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., and T. Yi. 1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (1): 74–94. doi:10.1007/BF02723327.
  • Bentler, P. 2002. EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
  • Brislin, R. W. 1970. “Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 185–216. doi:10.1177/135910457000100301.
  • Brodie, R. J., L. D. Hollebeek, B. Jurić, and A. Ilić. 2011. “Customer Engagement: Conceptual Domain, Fundamental Propositions, and Implications for.” Research Journal of Service Research 14 (3): 252–271. doi:10.1177/1094670511411703.
  • Brodie, R. J., A. Ilic, B. Juric, and L. Hollebeek. 2013. “Consumer Engagement in a Virtual Brand Community: An Exploratory Analysis.” Journal of Business Research 66 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.029.
  • Byrne, B. M. 2001. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Calabuig, F., J. Núñez-Pomar, V. Prado-Gascó, and V. Añó. 2014. “Effect of Price Increases on Future Intentions of Sport Consumers.” Journal of Business Research 67 (5): 729–733. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.035.
  • Cho, J. H., and K. Cho. 2012. “The Relational Analysis among the Relational Benefit, Customer Trust, Relational Commitment, Customer Satisfaction and Recommend Intention of Fitness Center.” The Korean Journal of Physical Education 51 (6): 253–267.
  • Claudino, J. G., T. J. Gabbett, F. Bourgeois, H. de Sá Souza, R. C. Miranda, B. Mezêncio, and R. Soncin. 2018. “CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Sports Medicine-Open 4 (11). doi:10.1186/s40798-018-0124-5.
  • Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cova, B. 1997. “Community and Consumption - Towards a Definition of the “Linking Value” of Product or Services.” European Journal of Marketing 31 (3/4): 297–316. doi:10.1108/03090569710162380.
  • Cronin, J. J., M. K. Brady, and T. M. Hult. 2000. “Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments.” Journal of Retailing 76 (2): 193–218. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2.
  • CrossFit 2018. “What is CrossFit.” Accessed 10 November 2018. https://www.crossfit.com/what-is-crossfit
  • Dovaliene, A., A. Masiulyte, and Z. Piligrimiene. 2015. “The Relations between Customer Engagement, Perceived Value and Satisfaction: The Case of Mobile Applications.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 213: 659–664. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.469.
  • EuropeActive and Deloitte. 2018. “European Health & Fitness Market Report 2018.” http://www.europeactive.eu/blog/europeactive-and-deloitte-publish-european-health-fitness-market-­report-2018
  • European Commission. 2018. Special Eurobarometer 472. Sport and Physical Activity. Brussels: European Commission.
  • Fisher, J., A. Sales, L. Carlson, and J. Steele. 2017. “A Comparison of the Motivational Factors between CrossFit Participants and Other Resistance Exercise Modalities: A Pilot Study.” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 57 (9): 1227–1234. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06434-3.
  • Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312.
  • García-Fernández, J., P. Gálvez-Ruiz, J. Fernández-Gavira, L. Vélez-Colon, B. G. Pitts, and A. Bernal-García. 2018a. “The Effects of Service Convenience and Perceived Quality on Perceived Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty in Low-Cost Fitness Centers.” Sport Management Review 21 (3): 250–262. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.003
  • García-Fernández, J., P. Gálvez-Ruiz, L. Vélez-Colon, J. Ortega-Gutiérrez, and J. Fernández-Gavira. 2018b. “Exploring Fitness Centre Consumer Loyalty: Differences of Non-Profit and Low-Cost Business Models in Spain.” Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 31 (1): 1042–1058. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2018.1436455.
  • García-Fernández, J., P. Gálvez-Ruiz, L. Vélez-Colon, and A. Bernal-García. 2017. “Antecedents of Customer Loyalty: A Case of Low-Cost Fitness Centers.” In Contemporary Sport Marketing: Global Perspectives, edited by J. J. Zhang and B. G. Pitts, 139–155. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Gill, M., S. Sridhar, and R. Grewal. 2017. “Return on Engagement Initiatives: A Study of a Business-to-Business Mobile App.” Journal of Marketing 81 (4): 45–66. doi:10.1509/jm.16.0149.
  • Glassman, G. 2007. “Understanding CrossFit.” The CrossFit Journal, April 01. http://journal.crossfit.com/2007/04/understanding-crossfit-by-greg.tpl
  • Hair, J., W. C. Black, B. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2009. Multivariate Data Analyses. 7th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • Hallberg, U. E., and W. B. Schaufeli. 2006. “Same Same but Different? Can Work Engagement Be Discriminated from Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment?” European Psychologist 11 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.11.2.119.
  • Hambleton, R. K. 1994. “Guidelines for Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests: A Progress Report.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment 10 (3): 229–244.
  • Harrigan, P., U. Evers, M. Miles, and T. Daly. 2017. “Customer Engagement with Tourism Social Media Brands.” Tourism Management 59: 597–609. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.015.
  • Heller, K. 2015. “Sweat Equity: What’s Behind the Rise of Intense Boutique Fitness Programs?” Accessed 30 November 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/sweat-equity-whats-behind-the-rise-of-intense-boutique-fitness-programs/2015/12/03/10e1248a-8c96-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.b4b781c9ffec
  • Henderson, G. 2016. “People Love Gyms Like CrossFit and Pure Barre Because They’ve Made Fancy Fitness a Status Symbol.” Accessed 26 October 2018. https://qz.com/816740/boutique-gyms-like-CrossFit-and-pure-barre-are-raking-in-billions-by-making-fancy-fitness-a-status-symbol/
  • Higgins, E. T., and A. A. Scholer. 2009. “Engaging the Consumer: The Science and Art of the Value Creation Process.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 19 (2): 100–114. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.02.002.
  • Hodges, W. 2013. Train for Something Greater: An Athlete’s Guide to Spiritual Fitness. Self-Published: CreateSpace/Amazon.
  • Hollebeek, L. D. 2011. “Demystifying Customer Engagement: Exploring the Loyalty Nexus.” Journal of Marketing Management 27 (7–8): 785–807. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2010.500132.
  • Hollebeek, L. D. 2013. “The Customer Engagement/Value Interface: An Exploratory Investigation.” Australasian Marketing Journal 21 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2012.08.006.
  • IHRSA. 2016a. “CrossFit Crosses Over: From Competition to a Health Club Offering.” Accessed 15 November 2018. https://www.ihrsa.org/improve-your-club/crossfit-crosses-over-from-competition-to-a-health-club-offering/
  • IHRSA. 2016b. IHRSA’s Guide to the Boutique Studio Phenomenon. Boston: International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association.
  • IHRSA. 2018. The IHRSA Global Report 2017. Boston: International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association.
  • Jiménez, E. 2019. “Ya hay 474 centros. El número de boxes de CrossFit en España crece un 23%.” CMD Sport. La revista de los que viven del deporte. 13 March. https://www.cmdsport.com/­esencial/cmd-fitnessgym/el-numero-de-boxes-de-crossfit-en-espana-crece-un-23/
  • Kim, Y. H., D. J. Kim, and K. Wachter. 2013. “A Study of Mobile User Engagement (MoEN): Engagement Motivations, Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Continued Engagement Intention.” Decision Support Systems 56: 361–370. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2013.07.002.
  • Knapp, B. A. 2015. “Gender Representation in the CrossFit Journal: A Content Analysis.” Sport in Society 18 (6): 688–703. doi:10.1080/17430437.2014.982544.
  • Kumar, V., and A. Pansari. 2016. “Competitive Advantage through Engagement.” Journal of Marketing Research 53 (4): 497–514. doi:10.1509/jmr.15.0044.
  • Lutz, S. L., J. T. Guthrie, and M. H. Davis. 2006. “Scaffolding for Engagement in Elementary School Reading Instruction.” Journal of Educational Research 100 (1): 3–20. doi:10.3200/JOER.100.1.3-20.
  • MacCallum, R., and J. Austin. 2000. “Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Psychological Research.” Annual Review of Psychology 51 (1): 201–226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201.
  • Meyer, J., J. Morrison, and J. Zuniga. 2017. “The Benefits and Risks of CrossFit: A Systematic Review.” Workplace Health & Safety 65 (12): 612–618. doi:10.1177/2165079916685568.
  • Muñiz, A. M., and H. J. Schau. 2005. “Religiosity in the Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community.” Journal of Consumer Research 31 (4): 737–747. doi:10.1086/426607.
  • Nash, M. 2018. “Let’s Work on Your Weaknesses: Australian CrossFit Coaching, Masculinity and Neoliberal Framings of Health and Fitness.” Sport in Society 21 (9): 1432–1453. doi:10.1080/17430437.2017.1390565.
  • O’Reilly, D. 2012. “Maffesoli and Consumer Tribes: Developing the Theoretical Links.” Marketing Theory 12 (3): 341–347. doi:10.1177/1470593112451801.
  • O’Rourke, B. K. 2015. “The Rise of Boutique Fitness Studio Concepts.” Accessed 26 October 2018. https://www.stephens.com/globalassets/about-stephens/news-pdfs/08.05.15-the-rise-of-boutique-fitness-studio-concepts.pdf
  • Oliver, R. 1997. Satisfaction, a Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Ornella, A. D. 2017. “Jesus Saves and Clothed in Christ: athletic Religious Apparel in the Christian CrossFit Community.” Sport in Society 22 (2): 266–280. doi:10.1080/17430437.2017.1360580.
  • Pansari, A., and V. Kumar. 2017. “Customer Engagement: The Construct, Antecedents, and Consequences.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 45 (3): 294–311. doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0485-6.
  • Partridge, J. A., B. A. Knapp, and B. D. “Massengale. 2014. “An Investigation of Motivational Variables in CrossFit Facilities.” The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 28 (6): 1714–1721. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000288.
  • Pekkanen, A., E. Närvänen, and P. Tuominen. 2017. “Elements of Rituality in Consumer Tribes: The Case of Crossfit.” Journal of Customer Behaviour 16 (4): 353–370. doi:10.1362/147539217X15144729108144.
  • Pitts, B. G., and D. Stotlar. 2013. Fundamentals of Sport Marketing. 4th ed. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology Publishers, Inc.
  • Prahalad, C. K., and V. Ramaswamy. 2004. “Co-Creation Experiences: The Next Practice in Value Creation.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 18 (3): 5–14. doi:10.1002/dir.20015.
  • Prentice, C., and S. M. Correia. 2018. “Consumer-Based Approach to Customer Engagement – the Case of Luxury Brands.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 43: 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.05.003.
  • Reichheld, F. F., R. G. Markey, Jr, and C. Hopton. 2000. “The Loyalty Effect-the Relationship between Loyalty and Profits.” European Business Journal 12 (3): 134–139.
  • Santos, T. O., A. Correia, R. Biscaia, and A. Pegoraro. 2018. “Examining Fan Engagement through Social Networking Sites.” International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20 (1): 163–183. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-05-2016-0020.
  • Schau, H. J., A. M. Muñiz, and E. J. Arnould. 2009. “How Brand Community Practices Create Value.” Journal of Marketing 73 (5): 30–51. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.5.30.
  • Smith, A., and H. Westerbeek. 2010. “From Enhancement to Engagement: Reflections on the Future of Sport Consumption.” Sport in Society 13 (2): 344–353. doi:10.1080/17430430903523093.
  • Smith, J. 2008. Fit for Consumption: Sociology and the Business of Fitness. London: Routledge.
  • Sprey, J. W. C., T. Ferreira, M. V. de Lima, A. Duarte, P. B. Jorge, and C. Santili. 2016. “An Epidemiological Profile of Crossfit Athletes in Brazil.” Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 4 (8): 1–6. doi:10.1177/2325967116663706.
  • Sweeney, J. C., and G. N. Soutar. 2001. “Consumer Perceived Value: The Development of a Multiple Item Scale.” Journal of Retailing 77 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0.
  • Theodorakis, N. D., G. Howat, Y. J. Ko, and S. Avourdiadou. 2014. “A Comparison of Service Evaluation Models in the Context of Sport and Fitness Centres in Greece.” Managing Leisure 19 (1): 18–35. doi:10.1080/13606719.2013.849505.
  • Trail, G. T., D. F. Anderson, and J. S. Fink. 2005. “Consumer Satisfaction and Identity Theory: A Model of Sport Spectator Conative Loyalty.” Sport Marketing Quarterly 14 (2): 98–111.
  • Valcarce, M., C. Cordero, and J. García-Fernández. 2017. Informe Centros Boutique España: Marzo 2017. Madrid: Valgo Sport Consulting.
  • Van Doorn, J., K. N. Lemon, V. Mittal, S. Nass, D. Pick, P. Pirner, and P. C. Verhoef. 2010. “Customer Engagement Behavior: Theoretical Foundations and Research Directions.” Journal of Service Research 13 (3): 253–266. doi:10.1177/1094670510375599.
  • Veiga, O. L., M. Valcarce, and A. King. 2017. “Encuesta Nacional de Tendencias en Fitness en España Para 2017.” Apunts Educación Física y Deportes 12 (2): 108–125. doi:10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2017/2).128.07.
  • Vivek, S. D., S. E. Beatty, and R. M. Morgan. 2012. “Customer Engagement: Exploring Customer Relationships beyond Purchase.” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 20 (2): 122–146. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679200201.
  • Vivek, S. D., S. E. Beatty, D. Vivek, and R. M. Morgan. 2014. “A Generalized Multidimensional Scale for Measuring Customer Engagement.” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 22 (4): 401–420. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679220404.
  • Wheaton, B. 2013. The Cultural Politics of Lifestyle Sports. New York: Routledge.
  • Whiteman-Sandland, J., J. Hawkins, and D. Clayton. 2018. “The Role of Social Capital and Community Belongingness for Exercise Adherence: An Exploratory Study of the CrossFit Gym Model.” Journal of Health Psychology 23 (12): 1545–1556. doi:10.1177/1359105316664132.
  • Yıldız, K., E. Polat, and P. Güzel. 2018. “A Study Investigating the Perceived Service Quality Levels of Sport Center Members: A Kano Model Perspective.” Journal of Education and Training Studies 6 (4): 177–188. doi:10.11114/jets.v6i4.3045.
  • Yoshida, M., B. Gordon, M. Nakazawa, and R. Biscaia. 2014. “Conceptualization and Measurement of Fan Engagement: Empirical Evidence from a Professional Sport Context.” Journal of Sport Management 28 (4): 399–417. doi:10.1123/jsm.2013-0199.
  • Yu, H. S., J. J. Zhang, D. H. Kim, K. K. Chen, C. Henderson, S. D. Min, and H. Huang. 2014. “Service Quality, Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention among Fitness Center Members Aged 60 Years and over.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 42 (5): 757–767. doi:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.5.757.
  • Zeithaml, V. A. 1988. “Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence.” Journal of Marketing 52 (3): 2–22. doi:10.2307/1251446.
  • Zeithaml, V. A., L. L. Berry, and A. Parasuraman. 1996. “The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality.” Journal of Marketing 60 (2): 31–46. doi:10.2307/1251929.
  • Zopiatis, A., A. L. Theocharous, P. Constanti, and L. Tjiapouras. 2017. “Quality, Satisfaction and Customers’ Future Intention: The Case of Hotels’ Fitness Centers in Cyprus.” Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 18 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2015.1133366.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.