References
- Associated Press. 2018. Chinese clubs spend less but want more Asian success. USA Today, January 31. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/01/31/chinese-clubs-spend-less-but-want-more-asian-success/109997172/
- Associated Press. (n.d.). China to host new international tournament to boost national side. ESPN. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:pM-ilxSqIr8J:www.espn.co.uk/football/china/story/2912241/wanda-to-host-annual-china-cup-to-boost-national-side%3Fdevice%3Dfeaturephone±&cd=19&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
- Barnes, B. R., D. Yen, and L. Zhou. 2011. “Investigating Guanxi Dimensions and Relationship Outcomes: Insights from Sino-Anglo Business Relationships.” Industrial Marketing Management 40 (4): 510–521. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.12.007.
- Bian, Y. 1997. “Bringing Strong Ties Back in: Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China.” American Sociological Review 62 (3): 366–385. doi:10.2307/2657311.
- Bian, Y., and S. Ang. 1997. “Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore.” Social Forces 75 (3): 981–1005. doi:10.2307/2580527.
- Bian, Y., and L. Zhang. 2014. “Corporate Social Capital in Chinese Guanxi Culture.” In Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks, 421–443. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Bian, Y. 2019. Guanxi, How China Works. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bland, B. 2018. How China’s football investors are staying positive amid government crackdown: Chinese tycoons bet on using their links to football to promote their other businesses. Financial Times, May 4. https://www.ft.com/content/a5548adc-43fd-11e8-97ce-ea0c2bf34a0b
- Bland, B., and M. Ahmed. 2018. Chinese investors take route one out of European football. Financial Times, July 30. https://www.ft.com/content/fb11b9c0-93c8-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe
- Bodet, G., and N. Chanavat. 2010. “Building Global Football Brand Equity: Lessons from the Chinese Market.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 22 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1108/13555851011013155.
- Borgatti, S. P., M. G.Everett, and J. C.Johnson 2018. Analyzing Social Networks. London: Sage Publications.
- Borgatti, S. P., A. Mehra, D. J. Brass, and G. Labianca. 2009. “Network Analysis in the Social Sciences.” Science 323 (5916): 892–895. doi:10.1126/science.1165821.
- Bourdieu, P. 2011. “The Forms of Capital (1986).”. Cultural Theory: An Anthology 1: 81–93.
- Bourdieu, P. 2013. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge.
- Buck, T., and J. Noble. 2015. Dalian wanda scores 20% stake in Atletico Madrid. Financial Times, January 21. https://www.ft.com/content/687428ee-a076-11e4-8ad8-00144feab7de
- Cai, Y. 2019. Dalian City cooperates with wanda group in football youth training [Dalianshi yu Wanda hezuo fali zuqiu qingxun]. Xinhua News Agency, April 29. http://m.xinhuanet.com/ln/2019-04/29/c_1124434681.htm
- Caijing 2017. The real estate new “big brother” evergrande: Creating two trillion-sales Evergrandes in the next three years? [Dichan xin “yige” hengda: Weilai sannian zaizao liangge wanyi hengda?] February 15. http://m.caicn.com/n/3741.html
- Chadwick, S. 2015. Football’s bamboo revolution. Asia and the Pacific Policy Society. https://www.policyforum.net/footballs-bamboo-revolution/
- Chadwick, S. 2016. A beast unleashed. China’s grand football plan falls foul as fans rebel. Asia and the Pacific Policy Society.https://www.policyforum.net/a-beast-unleashed/
- Chadwick, S. 2019. China’s football future. Asia and the Pacific Policy Society, July 23. https://www.policyforum.net/chinas-football-future/
- Chadwick, S. 2019. China’s football future: back to buying big after cooling-off period on expensive foreign investments. South China Morning Post, July 23. https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/3019620/chinas-football-future-back-buying-big-after-cooling-period-expensive
- Chadwick, S., I. Gibson, and T. Jiang. 2019. “China: Emerging Football Nation, Emerging Governance Issues.” In Research Handbook on Sport Governance, edited by M. Winand & C. Anagnostopoulos, 353–367. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Chadwick, S., P. Widdop, and D. Parnell. 2017. The guanxi of football. Policy Forum. http://www.policyforum.net/the-guanxi-of-football/.
- Chen, C. C., X. P. Chen, and S. Huang. 2013. “Chinese Guanxi: An Integrative Review and New Directions for Future Research.” Management and Organization Review 9 (1): 167–207. doi:10.1111/more.12010.
- Chen, M. 1994. “Guanxi and the Chinese Art of Network Building.” New Asia Review Summer: 40–43.
- Chen, L. Y., and L. Katz. 2015. Alibaba buys Youku in deal said to be valued at $4.8 Billion. Bloomberg, November 6. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-06/alibaba-agrees-to-buy-video-site-youku-tudou-for-27-60-a-share.
- Chen, X. P., and C. C. Chen. 2004. “On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 21 (3): 305–324. doi:10.1023/B:APJM.0000036465.19102.d5.
- Chen, Y., R. Friedman, E. Yu, W. Fang, and X. Lu. 2009. “Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi: Developing a Three-Dimensional Model and Scale.” Management and Organization Review 5 (3): 375–399. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00153.x.
- Connell, J. 2018. “Globalisation, Soft Power, and the Rise of Football in China.” Geographical Research 56 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12249.
- Conolly, M. 2017. Asia’s top sports media properties: ONE, CSL, IPL and the continent’s other leaders. Forbes, January 11. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattconnolly/2017/01/11/asias-top-sports-media-properties-one-championship-and-the-continents-other-leaders/#e6f3af1115db
- Dalian Sports Bureau. 2019. Chinese and foreign coaches officially enter the academy: Wanda football base academy project launched. [Zhongwai jiaolianyuan zhengshi ruxiao: Wanda zuqiu jidixiao xiangmu quanmian qidong]. http://tyj.dl.gov.cn/sports/field/487_453053.vm
- Dunfee, T. W., and D. E. Warren. 2001. “Is Guanxi Ethical? a Normative Analysis of Doing Business in China.” Journal of Business Ethics 32 (3): 191–204.
- Fan, Y. 2002. “Questioning Guanxi: definition, Classification and Implications.” International Business Review 11 (5): 543–561. doi:10.1016/S0969-5931(02)00036-7.
- Fei, X. 1947/1992. From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Forsythe, M. 2015. Wang Jianlin, a billionaire at the intersection of business and power in china. The New York Times, April 28. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/29/world/asia/wang-jianlin-abillionaire-at-the-intersection-of-business-and-power-in-china.html?_ga=2.201973521.105166688.1583356655-45179760.1582558789
- Fruchterman, T. M., and E. M. Reingold. 1991. “Graph Drawing by Force‐Directed Placement.” Software: Practice and Experience 21 (11): 1129–1164. doi:10.1002/spe.4380211102.
- Giulianotti, R., and R. Robertson. 2009. Globalization and Football. London: Sage.
- Giulianotti, R., and R. Robertson. 2012. “Mapping the Global Football Field: A Sociological Model of Transnational Forces within the World Game.” The British Journal of Sociology 63 (2): 216–240. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01407.x.
- Granovetter, M. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469.
- Granovetter, M. 2005. “The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1257/0895330053147958.
- Guo, C., and J. K. Miller. 2010. “Guanxi Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Firm Creation and Development in China.” Management and Organization Review 6 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2010.00180.x.
- Hamilton, G. G., and W. Zheng. 1992. “Introduction.” In From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society , 1–34. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Hwang, K. K. 1987. “Face and Favor: The Chinese Power Game.” American Journal of Sociology 92 (4): 944–974. doi:10.1086/228588.
- Infront. 2015. Wanda group acquires infront sports and media from bridgepoint. https://www.infront.sport/en/news/2015/2/wanda-group-acquires-infront-sports-and-media-from-bridgepoint
- Jacomy, M., T. Venturini, S. Heymann, and M. Bastian. 2014. “ForceAtlas2, a Continuous Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualization Designed for the Gephi Software.” PloS One. 9 (6): e98679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098679.
- Jinxia, D., and J. A. Mangan. 2001. “Football in the New China: political Statement, Entrepreneurial Enticement and Patriotic Passion.” Soccer & Society 2 (3): 79–100. doi:10.1080/714004853.
- Kaynak, E., Y. H. Wong, and T. Leung. 2013. Guanxi: Relationship Marketing in a Chinese Context. London: Routledge.
- King, A. Y. C. 1991. “Kuan-Hsi and Network Building: A Sociological Interpretation.” Daedalus: The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today 120 (2) : 63–84.
- Kipnis, A. B. 1997. Producing Guanxi: Sentiment, Self, and Subculture in a North China Village. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Lee, M., and P. Xu. 2001. Doing Business in China: The Experience of Taiwanese Businessman in Various Places of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Commercial Culture.
- Leung, T. K., and Y. H. Wong. 2001. “The Ethics and Positioning of Guanxi in China.” Marketing Intelligence & Planning 19 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1108/02634500110363826.
- Li, X., and R. Cai. 2018. Chinese football reform diving in deep water: How many years do we need to enter the World Cup? [Zhongguo zuqiu gaige jinru shenshuiqu: Xiangjin shijiebei haiyao duoshao nian?] China News, June 22. http://www.chinanews.com/ty/2018/06-22/8543725.shtml
- Li, J. J., K. Z. Zhou, and A. T. Shao. 2009. “Competitive Position, Managerial Ties, and Profitability of Foreign Firms in China: An Interactive Perspective.” Journal of International Business Studies 40 (2): 339–352.
- Li, P., and A. Jourdan. 2017. Game on: Suning leads China’s $2 billion soccer rights frenzy. Reuters, July 25. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-sports-broadcast/game-on-suning-leads-chinas-2-billion-soccer-rights-frenzy-idUSKBN1AA0OC
- Lo, M. C. M., and E. M. Otis. 2003. “Guanxi Civility: Processes, Potentials, and Contingencies.” Politics & Society 31 (1): 131–162. doi:10.1177/0032329202250165.
- Lowe, S. 2017. A stadium called Wanda: opening night at Atlético Madrid’s new home. The Guardian, September 18. https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/sep/18/a-stadium-called-wanda-opening-night-at-atletico-madrids-new-home
- Luk, C. L., O. H. Yau, L. Y. Sin, C. B. Alan, R. P. Chow, and J. S. Lee. 2008. “The Effects of Social Capital and Organizational Innovativeness in Different Institutional Contexts.” Journal of International Business Studies 39 (4): 589–612. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400373.
- Luo, Y., Y. Huang, and S. L. Wang. 2012. “Guanxi and Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analysis.” Management and Organization Review 8 (1): 139–172. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00273.x.
- Luo, Y. 2001. “Toward a Cooperative View of MNC-Host Government Relations: Building Blocks and Performance Implications.” Journal of International Business Studies 32 (3): 401–419. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490974.
- Luo, Y. 2007. Guanxi and Business. Vol. 5. Singapore: World Scientific.
- Magee, J. 2002. “12 Shifting Balances of Power in the New Football Economy.” In Power Games: A Critical Sociology of Sport, 216–239. London: Routledge.
- McNally, C. A., H. Guo, and G. Hu. 2007. Entrepreneurship and political guanxi networks in China’s private sector. East-West Center Working Papers. University of Hawaii.
- McNally, C. A. 2011. “China’s Changing Guanxi Capitalism: Private Entrepreneurs between Leninist Control and Relentless Accumulation.” Business and Politics 13 (2): 1–29. doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1339.
- Meng, A. 2013. Revealed: The heated dispute between Bo Xilai and billionaire Wang Jianlin… over football. South China Moring Post, December 6. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374412/revealed-heated-dispute-between-bo-xilai-and-billionaire-wang-jianlin
- Millward, P. 2011. The Global Football League: Transnational Networks, Social Movements and Sport in the New Media Age. London: Palgrave.
- Naraine, M. L., and M. M. Parent. 2016. “Illuminating Centralized Users in the Social Media Ego Network of Two National Sport Organizations.” Journal of Sport Management 30 (6): 689–701. doi:10.1123/jsm.2016-0067.
- Nee, V., and S. Opper. 2010. “Political Capital in a Market Economy.” Social Forces 88 (5): 2105–2132. doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0039.
- Newman, J. I., H. Xue, and H. Pu. 2017. A back-pass to Mao?: (Post-)Post-Socialist football in China. Asia Dialogue. https://theasiadialogue.com/2017/11/20/a-backpass-to-mao-regulating-post-post-socialist-football-in-china/
- Nixon, H. L. 1993. “Social Network Analysis of Sport: Emphasizing Social Structure in Sport Sociology.” Sociology of Sport Journal 10 (3): 315–321. doi:10.1123/ssj.10.3.315.
- Ong, A., & Nonini, D. eds. 2003. Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism. New York: Routledge.
- Panja, T. 2017. Money-losing chinese soccer clubs hit with new spending limits. Bloomberg, June 14. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-14/money-losing-chinese-soccer-clubs-hit-with-new-spending-limits
- Panja, T. 2017. How to build a soccer industry: balls, players, China’s billions. Bloomberg, July 27. https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/build-soccer-industry-balls-players-chinas-billions/
- Park, S. H., and Y. Luo. 2001. “Guanxi and organizational dynamics: organizational networking in Chinese firms.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (5): 455–477. doi:10.1002/smj.167.
- Pham, S. 2018. Chinese billionaire sells stake in top soccer club Atletico Madrid. CNN Business, February 15. https://money.cnn.com/2018/02/15/news/companies/wanda-sells-stake-atletico-madrid/index.html
- Pham, S. 2019. Alipay is investing $145 million to grow women’s soccer in China. CNN Business, July 8. https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/08/business/alipay-china-women-soccer/index.html
- Qi, X. 2013. “Guanxi, Social Capital Theory and beyond: Toward a Globalized Social Science.” The British Journal of Sociology 64 (2): 308–324. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12019.
- Quatman, C., and P. Chelladurai. 2008. “Social Network Theory and Analysis: A Complementary Lens for Inquiry.” Journal of Sport Management 22 (3): 338–360. doi:10.1123/jsm.22.3.338.
- Radil, S. M., C. Flint, and G. E. Tita. 2010. “Spatializing Social Networks: Using Social Network Analysis to Investigate Geographies of Gang Rivalry, Territoriality, and Violence in Los Angeles.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100 (2): 307–326. doi:10.1080/00045600903550428.
- Rushmore, J., D. Caillaud, L. Matamba, R. M. Stumpf, S. P. Borgatti, and S. Altizer. 2013. “Social Network Analysis of Wild Chimpanzees Provides Insights for Predicting Infectious Disease Risk.” Journal of Animal Ecology 82 (5): 976–986. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12088.
- Sina Finance. 2018. Xu Jiayin and others were elected as new Standing Committee members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political consultative Conference (CPPCC). [Xu Jiayin deng weiyuan dangxuan xinyijie quanguo zhengxie changwei], March 14. http://finance.sina.com.cn/7x24/2018-03-14/doc-ifyshciy3734223.shtml
- Sina. 2020. Jiang Lizhang withdrew from Serie A Parma: Chinese enterprises overseas football investment tends to be rational [Jiang Lizhang tuichu yijia Parma: Zhongqi haiwai zuqiu touzi quyu lixing]. February 5. https://finance.sina.cn/chanjing/gsxw/2020-02-05/detail-iimxyqvz0459724.d.html?from=wap
- Sina Sports. 2018. Another half year loss of 600 million! Xu Jiayin has burned 4.4 billion in 5 years, the alarm bell of the Evergrande Dynasty. [Bannian zai kui 6 yi! Xu Jiayin 5 nian yi shao 44 yi, hengda wangchao de jingzhong], August 30. http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-08-30/doc-ihikcahf9328188.shtml
- Smart, A. 1993. “Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Social Capital.” Cultural Anthropology 8 (3): 388–408. doi:10.1525/can.1993.8.3.02a00060.
- Smart, A. 1998. “Guanxi, Gifts, and Learning from China: A Review Essay.” Anthropos 93 (H. 4/6): 559–565.
- Smeltzer, L. R., and M. M. Jennings. 1998. “Why an International Code of Business Ethics Would Be Good for Business.” Journal of Business Ethics 17 (1): 57–66.
- Steidlmeier, P. 1999. “Gift Giving, Bribery and Corruption: Ethical Management of Business Relationships in China.” Journal of Business Ethics 20 (2): 121–132.
- Stigler, G.J. 1971. “The Theory of Economic Regulation.” The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2 (1): 3–21.
- Su, C., R. K. Mitchell, and M. J. Sirgy. 2007. “Enabling Guanxi Management in China: A Hierarchical Stakeholder Model of Effective Guanxi.” Journal of Business Ethics 71 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9140-3.
- Su, C., M. J. Sirgy, and J. E. Littlefield. 2003. “Is Guanxi Orientation Bad, Ethically Speaking? a Study of Chinese Enterprises.” Journal of Business Ethics 44 (4): 303–312.
- Sullivan, J. 2017. Xi’s Soccer Dream: Defining characteristics, unintended consequences. Asia Dialogue. https://theasiadialogue.com/2017/07/12/xis-soccer-dream-defining-characteristics-unintended-consequences/
- Sullivan, J., S. Chadwick, and M. Gow. 2019. “China’s Football Dream: sport, Citizenship, Symbolic Power, and Civic Spaces.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 43 (6): 493–514. doi:10.1177/0193723519867588.
- Tan, T. C., and A. Bairner. 2018. The development of football in China under Xi Jinping. Asia Dialogue. https://theasiadialogue.com/2018/04/05/the-development-of-football-in-china-under-xi-jinping/
- Tan, T. C., H. C. Huang, A. Bairner, and Y. W. Chen. 2016. “Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 33 (12): 1449–1465. doi:10.1080/09523367.2016.1243103.
- Tang, F. 2017. China seeks to rein in overseas investment with 36-point code of conduct for private firms. South China Morning Post, December 19. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2124964/china-issues-new-code-conduct-tame-overseas-investors
- Walder, A. G. 1986. Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Wäsche, H. 2015. “Interorganizational Cooperation in Sport Tourism: A Social Network Analysis.” Sport Management Review 18 (4): 542–554. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.003.
- Wang, C. L. 2007. “Guanxi vs. relationship Marketing: Exploring Underlying Differences.” Industrial Marketing Management 36 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.08.002.
- Wang, Y. 2018. Salary cap will curb cash-burning in the CSL [Zhongchao daimao gei shaoqian miehuo]. Xinmin Weekly, November 28. http://www.xinminweekly.com.cn/tiyu/2018/11/28/11401.html
- Wee, S-Li. 2018. China’s Parliament is a growing billionaires’ blub. The New York Times, March 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/01/business/china-parliament-billionaires.html
- Wellman, B., W. Chen, and W. Dong. 2002. “Networking Guanxi.” Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, 221–241. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wong, P. L. K., and P. Ellis. 2002. “Social Ties and Partner Identification in Sino-Hong Kong International Joint Ventures.” Journal of International Business Studies 33 (2): 267–289. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491016.
- Wong, Y. H., T. K. Leung, H. Hung, and E. W. T. Ngai. 2007. “A Model of Guanxi Development: Flexibility, Commitment and Capital Exchange.” Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 18 (8): 875–887. doi:10.1080/14783360701350607.
- Week in China. 2019. So what’s his goal? Wang Jianlin makes a comeback in football – and in property development, May 10. https://www.weekinchina.com/2019/05/so-whats-his-goal/
- Xiao, Y. 2017. Debut rumors in Hong Kong: Wang Jianlin’s unfortune ended? [Liangxiang Xiang Gang po chuanwen: Wang Jianlin jieshu daotou mei?]. Voice of America, September 12. https://www.voachinese.com/a/wangjianlin-20170911/4024865.html
- Xin, K. K., and J. L. Pearce. 1996. “Guanxi: Connections as Substitutes for Formal Institutional Support.” Academy of Management Journal 39 (6): 1641–1658. doi:10.2307/257072.
- Xinhua News. 2017. Xu Jiayin’s talk revealed the “secret” of Evergrande’s performance increasing by 220% in ten years. [Xu Jiayin jianghua bao hengda yeji shinian zeng 220bei “miji.”], February 15. http://www.xinhuanet.com/food/2017-02/15/c_1120469632.htm
- Xue, H. 2015. “Foreignness and Transnational Sport Organizations in China.” Doctoral Dissertation. Edmonton: University of Alberta.
- Yan, G., A. Pegoraro, and N. M. Watanabe. 2018. “Student-Athletes’ Organization of Activism at the University of Missouri: Resource Mobilization on Twitter.” Journal of Sport Management 32 (1): 24–37. doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0031.
- Yan, G., N. M. Watanabe, S. L. Shapiro, M. L. Naraine, and K. Hull. 2019. “Unfolding the Twitter Scene of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final: Social Media Networks and Power Dynamics.” European Sport Management Quarterly 19 (4): 419–436. doi:10.1080/16184742.2018.1517272.
- Yen, D. A., B. R. Barnes, and C. L. Wang. 2011. “The Measurement of Guanxi: Introducing the GRX Scale.” Industrial Marketing Management 40 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.09.014.
- Yu, L., J. Newman, H. Xue, and H. Pu. 2019. “The Transition Game: Toward a Cultural Economy of Football in Post-Socialist China.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54 (6): 711–737. doi:10.1177/1012690217740114.
- Zhao, H., and C. C. Hsu. 2007. “Social Ties and Foreign Market Entry: An Empirical Inquiry.” Management International Review 47 (6): 815–844. doi:10.1007/s11575-007-0054-9.
- Zheng, P., and R. Scase. 2013. Emerging Business Ventures under Market Socialism: entrepreneurship in China. New York: Routledge.