References
- Ashbolt, K., G. O’Flynn, and J. Wright. 2018. “Runners, Jumpers, and Throwers: Embodied Gender Hierarchies in Track and Field.” Sport, Education and Society 23 (7): 707–719. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1487835.
- McClure, D., and A. Halvorsen. 2019. “Raise a Fist, Take a Knee: The Intersection of Interscholastic Sports and Citizenship.” Paper presented at the College and University Faculty Assembly Annual Conference of the National Council for the Social Studies, Austin, TX, November 2019.
- Azzarito, L., M. Simon, and R. Marttinen. 2017. “‘Up against Whiteness’: Rethinking Race and the Body in a Global Era.” Sport, Education and Society 22 (5): 635–657. doi:10.1080/13573322.2015.1136612.
- Bandy, S. J. 2016. “Gender and the ‘Cultural Turn’ in the Study of Sport and Physical Cultures.” Sport in Society 19 (5): 726–735. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1073950.
- Banks, J. A. 2017. “Failed Citizenship and Transformative Civic Education.” Educational Researcher 46 (7): 312–366. doi:10.3102/0013189X17726741.
- Barker-Ruchti, N., K. Grahn, and E.-C. Lindgren. 2016. “Shifting, Crossing and Transforming Gender Boundaries in Physical Cultures.” Sport in Society 19 (5): 615–625. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1073942.
- Barnes, R. 2019. “Supreme Court Term to Begin with Blockbuster Question: Is It Legal To. Fire Someone for Being Gay or Transgender?” Washington Post, October 3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-term-to-begin-with-blockbuster-question-is-it-legal-to-fire-someone-for-being-gay-or-transgender/2019/10/03/b3b08a46-e15d-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html
- Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
- Calloway, B. 2017. “4 Lansing Catholic Players Benched for Planning to Kneel during Anthem.” Lansing State Journal, October 5. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/highschool/2017/10/05/lansing-catholic-national-anthem/737139001/.
- Carter, T. F. 2011. “What Happens While the Official Looks the Other Way? Citizenship, Transnational Sports Migrants and the Circumvention of the State.” Sport in Society 14 (2): 223–240. doi:10.1080/17430437.2011.546521.
- Castro, A. J. 2013. “What Makes a Citizen? Critical and Multicultural Citizenship and Pre-Service Teachers’ Understanding of Citizenship Skills.” Theory & Research in Social Education 41 (2): 219–246. doi:10.1080/00933104.2013.783522.
- Coakley, J. 2011. “Youth Sports: What Counts as ‘Positive Development?” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 35 (3): 306–324. doi:10.1177/0193723511417311.
- Cohn, N., and K. Quealy. 2020. “How Public Opinion Has Moved on Black Lives Matter.” The New York Times, June 10. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/10/upshot/black-lives-matter-attitudes.html
- Couch, G. 2017. “Lansing Catholic’s Response to Protest during Anthem Shows Why Protest is Needed.” Lansing State Journal, October 6. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham-couch/2017/10/06/lansing-catholic-national-anthem-protests-couch-column/739045001/.
- Crenshaw, K. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Policies.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1 (8): 139–167.
- Dancy, T. E., III. 2014. “The Adultification of Black Boys: What Educational Settings Can Learn from Trayvon Martin.” In Trayvon Martin, Race, and American Justice: Writing Wrong, edited by K. J. Fasching-Varner, R. E. Reynolds, K. A. Albert, and L. L. Martin, 49–56. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
- Detwiler, D. 2020. “So-called “Save Women’s Sports Act” Flies in the Face of NCAA Guidelines on Transgender Athletes.” Equality Ohio. https://www.equalityohio.org/so-called-save-womens-sports-act-flies-in-the-face-of-ncaa-guidelines-on-transgender-athletes/
- Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Classic.
- Eaton-Robb, P. 2019a. “Connecticut Runners Part of Debate Over Transgender Athletes.” ABC News, February 24. https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/connecticut-runners-part-debate-transgender-athletes-61384915
- Eaton-Robb, P. 2019b. “Transgender Sprinters Finish 1st, 2nd at Connecticut Girls Indoor Track Championships.” The Washington Times, February 24. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/feb/24/terry-miller-andraya-yearwood-transgender-sprinter/
- Eaton-Robb, P. 2020a. “Girls Sue to Block Participation of Transgender Athletes.” AP News. February 12. https://apnews.com/8fd300537131153cc44e0cf2ade3244b
- Eaton-Robb, P. 2020b. “US: Transgender Sports Inclusion Violates Others’ Rights.” AP News, May 28. https://apnews.com/5c1d9682fb92ed9c277c7e139bdab9ed
- Eaton-Robb, P. 2020c. “US Justice Department: Don’t Treat Trans Athletes as Girls.” AP News, March 25. https://apnews.com/article/us-news-ap-top-news-education-sports-general-lawsuits-96ae2ed8ef4cfb2b450ef3b4fac8a954
- Elling, A., and A. Knoppers. 2005. “Sport, Gender, and Ethnicity: Practices of Symbolic Inclusion/Exclusion.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34 (3): 257–268. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-4311-6.
- Fredricks, J. A., and J. S. Eccles. 2005. “Family Socialization, Gender, and Sport Motivation and Involvement.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 27 (1): 3–31. doi:10.1123/jsep.27.1.3.
- Frisby, C. M. 2020. Current Controversies in Media, Sports and Culture. San Diego, CA: Cognella Publishing.
- Garratt, D. 2010. “Sporting Citizenship’: The Rebirth of Religion?” Pedagogy, Culture & Society 18 (2): 123–143. doi:10.1080/14681366.2010.488040.
- Goldsmith, P. R. 2003. “Race Relations and Racial Patterns in School Sports Participation.” Sociology of Sport Journal 20 (2): 147–171. doi:10.1123/ssj.20.2.147.
- Gregory, S. 2016. “All Across the Country, Athletes Are Fueling a Debate About How America Defines Patriotism.” Time, September 22. http://time.com/4504023/athletes-america-patriotism/
- Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln. 1989. Fourth Generation Evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Hagopian, J. 2017. “Student Athletes Kneel to Level the Playing Field.” Rethinking Schools. https://www.rethinkingschools.org/articles/student-athletes-kneel-to-level-the-playing-field
- Hartmann, D., J. Sullivan, and T. Nelson. 2012. “The Attitudes and Opinions of High School Sports Participants: An Exploratory Empirical Examination.” Sport, Education, and Society 17 (1): 113–132. doi:10.1080/13573322.2011.607915.
- Hattery, A., and E. Smith. 2018. Policing Black Bodies: How Black Lives Are Surveilled and How to Work for Change. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Harvey, J. 1999. Civilized Oppression. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Hess, D. 2005. “How Do Teachers’ Political Views Influence Teaching about Controversial Issues?” Social Education 69 (1): 47–48.
- Hess, D. 2008. “Controversial Issues and Democratic Discourse.” In Handbook of Research in Social Studies Education, edited by L. S. Levstik and C. A. Tyson, 124–136. New York: Routledge.
- Hess, D. 2009. Controversy in the Classroom: The Democratic Power of Discussion. NewYork: Routledge.
- Hess, D., and L. Gatti. 2010. “Putting Politics Where It Belongs: In the Classroom.” In New Directions for Higher Education: Educating for Deliberative Democracy, edited by N. Thomas, 19–26. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Huerta, J. 2009. “Friday Night Rights: South Texas High-School Football and the Struggle for Equality.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 26 (7): 981–1000. doi:10.1080/09523360902866810.
- Johnson, M. W. 2019. “ “Trump, Kaepernick, and MLK as ‘Maybe Citizens’: Early Elementary African American Males’ Analysis of Citizenship.” Theory & Research in Social Education 47 (3): 374–395. doi:10.1080/00933104.2019.1582381.
- Jones, J., T. Romine, and E. Simko-Bednarski. 2019. “Complaint Says Transgender Athletes in Connecticut Have an Unfair Competitive Advantage.” CNN, June 20. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/us/transgender-athletes-connecticut-education
- Kanters, M. A., J. N. Bocarro, M. B. Edwards, J. M. Casper, and M. F. Floyd. 2013. “School Sport Participation under Two School Sport Policies: Comparisons by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 45 (S1): 113–S121. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2.
- Lansing City Pulse. 2017. “Why We Kneel: Lansing Catholic High School Students Take a Knee Against Injustice and Police Violence.” December 21. https://lansingcitypulse.com/article-15656-Why-We-Kneel.html
- Lansing Catholic High School. 2019-2020. “Lansing Catholic High School Student Handbook.” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A2dirqLRada3-aJ7dz9mJDwPvd0UpbJP3A5N_5LUC64/edit#
- Levinson, R. 2008. “Promoting the Role of the Personal Narrative in Reaching Controversial Socio-Scientific Issues.” Science & Education 17 (8–9): 855–871. doi:10.1007/s11191-007-9076-8.
- LexisNexis. 2020. “Academic Research Reimagined for Digital Natives.” https://lexisnexis.widen.net/s/n9dhrxpcvv
- Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Lockwood, A. L. 1996. “Controversial Issues: The Teacher’s Crucial Role.” Social Education 60 (1): 28–31.
- Mattingsdal-Thorjussen, I., and M. K. Sisjord. 2018. “Students’ Physical Education Experiences in a Multi-Ethnic Class.” Sport, Education and Society 23 (7): 694–706. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1467399.
- Maxouris, C. 2020. “3 Connecticut High School Girls are Suing over a Policy that Allows Trans Athletes to Complete in Girls’ Sports.” CNN, February 14. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/14/us/transgender-athletes-connecticut-lawsuit/index.html
- McCready, Lance T. 2004. “Understanding the Marginalization of Gay and Gender Non-Conforming Black Male Students.” Theory into Practice 43 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4302_7.
- Merriam, S. B. 2009. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley.
- Miller-Lane, J., T. C. Howard, and P. E. Halagao. 2007. “Civic Multicultural Competence: Searching for Common Ground in Democratic Education.” Theory & Research in Social Education 35 (4): 551–573. doi:10.1080/00933104.2007.10473350.
- Milner, H. R.IV, 2007. “Race, Culture, and Researcher Positionality: Working through Dangers Seen, Unseen, and Unforeseen.” Educational Researcher 36 (7): 388–400. doi:10.3102/0013189X07309471.
- Mirel, J. 1982. “From Student Control to Institutional Control of High School Athletics: Three Michigan Cities, 1883-1905.” Journal of Social History 16 (2): 83–100. doi:10.1353/jsh/16.2.83.
- Misco, T. 2011. “Teaching about Controversial Issues: Rationale, Practice, and the Need for Inquiry.” European Journal for Education Law and Policy 7 (1): 7–18.
- Mitchell, E. 1938. “The Growth of Physical Education and Allied Movements in Michigan.” Ph“D. diss., University of Michigan.
- National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS). 2016. “ A Vision of Powerful Teaching and Learning in the Social Studies.” Social Education 80 (3): 180–182.
- National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS). 2013. The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards: Guidance for Enhancing the Rigor of K-12 Civics, Economics, Geography, and History. Silver Spring, MD: National Council for the Social Studies.
- National Federation of State High School Associations. 2018. “2017–18 High School Athletics Participation Survey.” http://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatistics/PDF/2017-18%20High%20School%20Athletics%20Participation%20Survey.pdf
- National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA) and Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO). 2010. Common Core State Standards English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects. Washington, DC: National Governors Association for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers.
- Olusoga, D. 2019. “At Least England’s Footballers Lead by Example in the Face of Racism.” The Guardian, October 20. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/20/at-least-england-footballers-lead-by-example-in-the-face-of-racism
- Oulton, Christopher, Vanessa Day, Justin Dillon *, and Marcus Grace. 2004. “Controversial Issues: Teachers’ Attitudes and Practice in the Context of Citizenship Education.” Oxford Review of Education 30 (4): 489–507. doi:10.1080/0305498042000303973.
- Parker, A., H. Morgan, S. Farooq, B. Moreland, and A. Pitchford. 2019. “Sporting Intervention and Social Change: Football, Marginalised Youth and Citizenship Development.” Sport, Education and Society 24 (3): 298–310. doi:10.1080/13573322.2017.1353493.
- Peeters, R., and J. van Sterkenburg. 2017. “Making Sense of Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Televised Football: Reception Research among British Students.” Sport in Society 20 (5–6): 701–715. doi:10.1080/17430437.2016.1158472.
- Premier League. 2020. “ No Room for Racism.” https://www.premierleague.com/NoRoomForRacism
- Pruter, R. 2013. The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control: 1880-1930. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Russell, J. 2020. “Premier League to Replace Names on Jerseys with ‘Black Lives Matter.’” The Washington Post, June 12. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/06/12/premier-league-replace-names-jerseys-with-black-lives-matter/
- Sant, E. 2019. “ “Democratic Education: A Theoretical Review (2006–2017).” Review of Educational Research 89 (5): 655–696. doi:10.3102/0034654319862493.
- Smith, A. L. 2003. “ “Peer Relationships in Physical Activity Contexts: A Road Less Traveled in Youth Sport and Exercise Psychology Research.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00015-8.
- Spring, J. H. 1974. “Mass Culture and School Sports.” History of Education Quarterly 14 (4): 483–499. doi:10.2307/368099.
- Stacy, M. 2015. “Using High School Athletics to Teach Civic Values in the Progressive Era.” American Educational History Journal 42 (2): 151–166.
- Stacy, M. 2017. “Using Sports to Teach Civic Values.” Social Education 81 (4): 224–228.
- State of Connecticut. 2011. House. An Act Concerning Discrimination. H.B. 6599. Approved July 1, https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/ACT/PA/2011PA-00055-R00HB-06599-PA.htm
- Staver, A. 2020. “Ohio Lawmakers Move to Ban Transgender Athletes from Girls and Women’s Sports.” The Columbus Dispatch, February 25. https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200225/ohio-lawmakers-move-to-ban-transgender-athletes-from-girls-and-womenrsquos-sports
- Stoddard, J. D. 2009. “The Ideological Implications of Using “Educational” Film to Teach Controversial Events.” Curriculum Inquiry 39 (3): 407–433. doi:10.1111/j.1467-873X.2009.00450.x.
- Strangio, C., and G. Arkles. 2020. “Four Myths About Transathletes, Debunked.” ACLU, April 30. https://www.aclu.org/news/lgbt-rights/four-myths-about-trans-athletes-debunked/
- The White House. 2021. “Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination On the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation/
- Transathlete. 2020. “K-12 Policies.” https://www.transathlete.com/policies-by-organization
- Tuck, E. 2009. “Suspending Damage: A Letter to Communities.” Harvard Educational Review 79 (3): 409–427. doi:10.17763/haer.79.3.n0016675661t3n15.
- Venkatraman, S. 2021. “Transgender Athlete Sues USA Powerlifting over Competition Ban.” NBC News, January 13. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/transgender-athlete-sues-usa-powerlifting-over-competition-ban-n1253960