References
- Adams, Swann Arp., Charles E. Matthews, Cara B. Ebbeling, Charity G. Moore, Joan E. Cunningham, Jeanette Fulton, and James R. Hebert. 2005. “The Effect of Social Desirability and Social Approval on Self-Reports of Physical Activity.” American Journal of Epidemiology 161 (4): 389–398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi054.
- Aizawa, Kurumi, Ji Wu, Yuhei Inoue, and Mikihiro Sato. 2018. “Long-Term Impact of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games on Sport Participation: A Cohort Analysis.” Sport Management Review 21 (1): 86–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.001.
- Althoff, Tim, Rok Sosič, Jennifer L. Hicks, Abby C. King, Scott L. Delp, and Jure Leskovec. 2017. “Large-Scale Physical Activity Data Reveal Worldwide Activity Inequality.” Nature 547 (7663): 336–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23018.
- Annear, M., S. Keeling, T. I. M. Wilkinson, G. Cushman, B. Gidlow, and H. Hopkins. 2014. “Environmental influences on healthy and active ageing: A systematic review.” Ageing & Society 34 (4): 590–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1200116X
- Annear, M. J., Y. Shimizu, and T. Kidokoro. 2019. “Sports Mega-Event Legacies andAdult Physical Activity: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda.” European Journal of Sport Science 19 (5): 671–685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1554002.
- Bason, Tom, and Jonathan Grix. 2018. “Planning to Fail? Leveraging the Olympic Bid.” Marketing Intelligence & Planning 36 (1): 138–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106.
- Bauman, Adrian, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Fiona Bull, Cora L. Craig, Maria Hagströmer, James F. Sallis, Michael Pratt, and Michael Sjöström. 2009. “Progress and Pitfalls in the Use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for Adult Physical Activity Surveillance.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6 (s1): S5–S8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.s1.s5.
- Bauman, Adrian, Barbara E. Ainsworth, James F. Sallis, Maria Hagströmer, Cora L. Craig, Fiona C. Bull, Michael Pratt, Kamalesh Venugopal, Josephine Chau, and Michael Sjöström. 2011. “The Descriptive Epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 (2): 228–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.003.
- Bauman, Adrian, Bill Bellew, and Cora L. Craig. 2014. “Did the 2000 Sydney Olympics Increase Physical Activity among Adult Australians?” British Journal of Sports Medicine 49 (4): 243–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093149.
- Bauman, Adrian E., Rodrigo S. Reis, James F. Sallis, Jonathan C. Wells, Ruth J. F. Loos, and Brian W. Martin. 2012. “Correlates of Physical Activity: why Are Some People Physically Active and Others Not?” The Lancet 380 (9838): 258–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1.
- Beaton, Anthony A., Daniel C. Funk, Lynn Ridinger, and Jeremy Jordan. 2011. “Sport Involvement: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis.” Sport Management Review 14 (2): 126–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002.
- Berger, Nicolas, Daniel Lewis, Matteo Quartagno, Edmund Njeru Njagi, and Steven Cummins. 2019. “Longitudinal Associations between Perceptions of the Neighbourhood Environment and Physical Activity in Adolescents: evidence from the Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) Study.” BMC Public Health 19 (1): 1760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8003-7.
- Byers, T., Slack T., and Parent M. 2012. Key concepts in sport management. London: Sage.
- Carter, R. V., and T. Lorenc. 2015. “A Qualitative Study into the Development of a Physical Activity Legacy from the London 2012 Olympic Games.” Health Promotion International 30 (3): 793–802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat066.
- Colberg, Sheri R., Ronald J. Sigal, Jane E. Yardley, Michael C. Riddell, David W. Dunstan, Paddy C. Dempsey, Edward S. Horton, Kristin Castorino, and Deborah F. Tate. 2016. “Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association.” Diabetes Care 39 (11): 2065–2079. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728.
- Craig, Cora L., and Adrian E. Bauman. 2014. “The Impact of the Vancouver Winter Olympics on Population Level Physical Activity and Sport Participation among Canadian Children and Adolescents: population Based Study.” The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 11 (1): 107–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0107-y.
- Crutzen, Rik, and Anja S. Göritz. 2011. “Does Social Desirability Compromise Self-Reports of Physical Activity in Web-Based Research?” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (1): 31–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-31.
- Des Jarlais, Don C., Cynthia Lyles, and Nicole Crepaz. 2004. “Improving the Reporting Quality of Nonrandomized Evaluations of Behavioral and Public Health Interventions: The TREND Statement.” American Journal of Public Health 94 (3): 361–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.361.
- Downs, S. H., and N. Black. 1998. “The Feasibility of Creating a Checklist for the Assessment of the Methodological Quality Both of Randomised and Non-Randomised Studies of Health Care Interventions.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52 (6): 377–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377.
- Frawley, Stephen, and Adam Cush. 2011. “Major Sport Events and Participation Legacy: The Case of the 2003 Rugby World Cup.” Managing Leisure 16 (1): 65–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.532605.
- Garber, Carol Ewing, Bryan Blissmer, Michael R. Deschenes, Barry A. Franklin, Michael J. Lamonte, I-Min Lee, David C. Nieman, and David P. Swain. 2011. “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: guidance for Prescribing Exercise.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43 (7): 1334–1359. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb.
- Haidich, Anna-Bettina. 2010. “Meta-Analysis in Medical Research.” Hippokratia 14 (s1): 29–37.
- Hallal, Pedro C., Lars Bo Andersen, Fiona C. Bull, Regina Guthold, William Haskell, and Ulf Ekelund. 2012. “Global Physical Activity Levels: surveillance Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects.” The Lancet 380 (9838): 247–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1.
- Harden, Angela, and James Thomas. 2005. “Methodological Issues in Combining Diverse Study Types in Systematic Reviews.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (3): 257–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570500155078.
- Heneghan, N. R., S. M. Lokhaug, I. Tyros, S. Longvastøl, and A. Rushton. 2020. “Clinical Reasoning Framework for Thoracic Spine Exercise Prescription in Sport: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.” BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6 (1): e000713–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000713.
- Hiller, Harry H., and Richard A. Wanner. 2015. “The Psycho-Social Impact of the Olympics as Urban Festival: A Leisure Perspective.” Leisure Studies 34 (6): 672–688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.986510.
- Hooper, Phil, Jeffrey W. Jutai, Graham Strong, and Elizabeth Russell-Minda. 2008. “Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Low-Vision Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. Journal Canadien D’ophtalmologie 43 (2): 180–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.3129/i08-001.
- International Olympic Committee. 2017. Legacy Strategic Approach: Moving Forward. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Olympic Committee.
- Kokolakakis, Themis, Fernando Lera-López, and Girish Ramchandani. 2019. “Did London 2012 Deliver a Sports Participation Legacy?” Sport Management Review 22 (2): 276–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004.
- Kokolakakis, Themistocles, and Fernando Lera-Lopez. 2020. “Sport Promotion through Sport Mega-Events. An Analysis for Types of Olympic Sports in London 2012.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (17): 6193–6208. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176193.
- Leeson, George W. 2018. “The Growth, Ageing and Urbanisation of Our World.” Journal of Population Ageing 11 (2): 107–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-018-9225-7.
- Liberati, Alessandro, Douglas G. Altman, Jennifer Tetzlaff, Cynthia Mulrow, Peter C. Gøtzsche, John P. A. Ioannidis, Mike Clarke, P. J. Devereaux, Jos Kleijnen, and David Moher. 2009. “The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: explanation and Elaboration.” PLoS Medicine 6 (7): 1–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
- Mahtani, Kamal Ram., Joanne Protheroe, Sarah Patricia Slight, Marcelo Marcos Piva Demarzo, Thomas Blakeman, Christopher A. Barton, Bianca Brijnath, and Nia Roberts. 2013. “Can the London 2012 Olympics ‘Inspire a Generation’ to Do More Physical or Sporting Activities? An Overview of Systematic Reviews.” BMJ Open 3 (1): 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002058.
- McCartney, Gerry, Sian Thomas, Hilary Thomson, John Scott, Val Hamilton, Phil Hanlon, David S. Morrison, and Lyndal Bond. 2010. “The Health and Socioeconomic Impacts of Major Multi-Sport Events: systematic Review (1978-2008).” British Medical Journal 340: 1–9.
- Motl, Robert W., Edward McAuley, and Christine DiStefano. 2005. “Is Social Desirability Associated with Self-Reported Physical Activity?” Preventive Medicine 40 (6): 735–739. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.016.
- Müller, Martin. 2015. “What Makes an Event a Mega-Event? Definitions and Sizes.” Leisure Studies 34 (6): 627–642. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.993333.
- Oshimi, Daichi, Munehiko Harada, and Takayuki Fukuhara. 2016. “Residents’ Perceptions on the Social Impacts of an International Sport Event: Applying Panel Data Design and a Moderating Variable.” Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 17 (4): 294–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2016.1142919.
- Pappous, Athanasios, and Emily J. Hayday. 2016. “A Case Study Investigating the Impact of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games on Participation in Two Non-Traditional English Sports, Judo and Fencing.” Leisure Studies 35 (5): 668–684. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1035314.
- Perks, Thomas. 2015. “Exploring an Olympic “Legacy”: Sport Participation in Canada before and after the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.” Canadian Review of Sociology = Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 52 (4): 462–474. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12087.
- Potwarka, Luke R., and Scott T. Leatherdale. 2016. “The Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Rates among Youth in Canada: Any Evidence of a Trickle-down Effect?” Leisure Studies 35 (2): 241–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1040826.
- Rebar, Amanda L., Robert Stanton, David Geard, Camille Short, Mitch J. Duncan, and Corneel Vandelanotte. 2015. “A Meta-Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Physical Activity on Depression and Anxiety in Non-Clinical Adult Populations.” Health Psychology Review 9 (3): 366–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901.
- Rogerson, R. J. 2016. “Re-Defining Temporal Notions of Event Legacy: lessons from Glasgow’sCommonwealth Games.” Annals of Leisure Research 19 (4): 497–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1151367
- Sandercock, Gavin R. H., Chris Beedie, and Steve Mann. 2016. “Is Olympic Inspiration Associated with Fitness and Physical Activity in English Schoolchildren? A Repeated Cross-Sectional Comparison before and 18 Months after London 2012.” BMJ Open 6 (11): 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011670.
- Shintaro, S., K. Kinoshita, M. Kim, D. Oshimi, and M. Harada. 2020. “The effect of Rugby World Cup 2019 on residents’ psychological well-being: a mediating role of psychological capital.” Current Issues in Tourism. 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1857713.
- Snilstveit, B., S. Oliver, and M. Vojtkova. 2012. “Narrative Approaches to Systematic Review and Synthesis of Evidence for International Development Policy and Practice.” Journal of Development Effectiveness 4 (3): 409–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2012.710641.
- Sports Marketing Intelligence. 2017. Global Sports Impact (GSI) Report 2017. London, UK: Sportcal Global Communications.
- Tassignon, B., J. Verschueren, E. Delahunt, M. Smith, B. Vicenzino, E. Verhagen, and R. Meeusen. 2019. “Criteria-Based Return to Sport Decision-Making following Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.” Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 49 (4): 601–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01071-3.
- Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2016. Tokyo 2020 Action and Legacy Plan 2016. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Government.
- Tomkinson, G. R., T. Kidokoro, T. Dufner, S. Noi, J. S. Fitzgerald, and R. P. Mcgrath. 2020. “Temporal Trends in Handgrip Strength for Older Japanese Adults between 1998 and 2017.” Age and Ageing 49 (4): 634–639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa021.
- Veal, A. J., Kristine Toohey, and Stephen Frawley. 2012. “The Sport Participation Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and Other International Sporting Events Hosted in Australia.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 4 (2): 155–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.662619.
- Veal, A. J., Kristine Toohey, and Stephen Frawley. 2019. “Sport Participation, International Sports Events and the ‘Trickle-down Effect.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 11 (sup1): s3–s7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2018.1556860.
- Von Elm, Erik, Douglas G. Altman, Matthias Egger, Stuart J. Pocock, Peter C. Gøtzsche, and Jan P. Vandenbroucke. 2007. “The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies.” Annals of Internal Medicine 147 (8): 573–577. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010.
- Weed, Mike, Esther Coren, Jo Fiore, Ian Wellard, Dikaia Chatziefstathiou, Louise Mansfield, and Suzanne Dowse. 2015. “The Olympic Games and Raising Sport Participation: A Systematic Review of Evidence and an Interrogation of Policy for a Demonstration Effect.” European Sport Management Quarterly 15 (2): 195–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.998695.
- Weed, Mike, Esther Coren, Jo Fiore, Ian Wellard, Louise Mansfield, Dikaia Chatziefstathiou, and Suzanne Dowse. 2012. “Developing a Physical Activity Legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: A Policy-Led Systematic Review.” Perspectives in Public Health 132 (2): 75–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911435758.
- Wong, Jen D., Julie S. Son, Stephanie T. West, Jill J. Naar, and Toni Liechty. 2018. “A Life Course Examination of Women’s Team Sport Participation in Late Adulthood.” Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 27 (1): 73–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0193.
- World Health Organization. 2019. Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030: more Active People for a Healthier World. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.