The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on Norwegian athletes’ training habits and their use of digital technology for training and competition purposes

References

• Baggish, A., J. A. Drezner, J. Kim, M. Martinez, and J. Prutkin. 2020. “Resurgence of Sport in the Wake of COVID-19: Cardiac Considerations in Competitive Athletes.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 54 (19): 1130–1131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagherian, S., M. M. Ghahfarrokhi, and E. Banitalebi. 2021. “Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Interest in Home-Based Exercise: An Application of Digital Epidemiology.” International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 8 (1): 47–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.08.
   Google Scholar
• Balmer, N., P. Pleasence, and A. Nevill. 2012. “Evolution and Revolution: Gauging the Impact of Technological and Technical Innovation on Olympic Performance.” Journal of Sports Sciences 30 (11): 1075–1083. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.587018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertschy, M., H. Mühlbacher, and M. Desbordes. 2020. “Esports Extension of a Football Brand: Stakeholder Co-Creation in Action?” European Sport Management Quarterly 20 (1): 47–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1689281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowes, A., L. Lomax, and J. Piasecki. 2021. “A Losing Battle? Women’s Sport Pre- and post-COVID-19.” European Sport Management Quarterly 21 (3): 443–461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1904267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, J. L., M. Granado-Peinado, A. de la Rubia, D. Muriarte, A. Lorenzo, and D. Mon-López. 2021. “Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (17): 9025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, A., M. A. Arent, H. P. Cintineo, T. M. Torres-McGehee, Z. K. Winkelmann, and S. M. Arent. 2021. “The Impacts of COVID-19 on Collegiate Student-Athlete Training, Health, and Well-Being.” Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine 6 (4): 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/TJX.0000000000000173.
   Google Scholar
• Chawansky, M. 2016. “Be Who You Are and Be Proud: Brittney Griner, Intersectional Invisibility and Digital Possibilities for Lesbian Sporting Celebrity.” Leisure Studies 35 (6): 771–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1128476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. 2020. “The Adaptation of the Live PDC Darts Event during the COVID-19 Lockdown.” Managing Sport and Leisure, 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1782251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Fronso, S., S. Costa, C. Montesano, F. Di Gruttola, E. G. Ciofi, L. Morgilli, C. Robazza, and M. Bertollo. 2020. “The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Perceived Stress and Psychobiosocial States in Italian Athletes.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehnold, P., E. Faß, D. Steinbach, and T. Schlesinger. 2020. “Digitalization in Organized Sport – Usage of Digital Instruments in Voluntary Sports Clubs Depending on Club’s Goals and Organizational Capacity” Sport.” Business and Management 11: 28–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0081.
   Google Scholar
• Geurin-Eagleman, A. N., and L. M. Burch. 2015. “Communicating via Photographs: A Gendered Analysis of Olympic Athletes’ Visual Self-Presentation on Instagram.” Sport Management Review 19 (2): 133–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen, K., I. Derom, J. Corthouts, V. De Bosscher, A. Willem, and J. Scheerder. 2021. “Participatory Sport Events in Times of COVID-19: Analysing the (Virtual) Sport Behaviour of Event Participants.” European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1956560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinck, A. 2019. “Shifting Patterns of Football Fandom and Digital Media Cultures: YouTube, Fifa Videogames, and AFC Wimbledon.” In Digital Football Cultures, edited by Stefan Lawrence and Garry Crawford, 117–132. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• IOC (International Olympic Committee). 2020. “IOC, IPC, TOKYO 2020 Organising Committee and Tokyo Metropolitan government announce new dates for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020” Olympic.org, April 27. https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-ipc-tokyo-2020-organising-committee-and-tokyo-metropolitan-government-announce-new-dates-for-the-olympic-and-paralympic-games-tokyo-2020
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. 2019. “Manufacturing Invisibility in “the Field”: Distributed Ethics, Wearable Technologies, and the Case of Exercise Physiology.” In Sports, Society, and Technology, edited by Jennifer J. Sterling, and Mary G. McDonald, 41–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, E., I. Jones, and L. Sheppard-Marks. 2019. “Towards Typologies of Virtual Maltreatment: Sport, Digital Cultures & Dark Leisure.” In Re-Thinking Leisure in a Digital Age, edited by Michael Silk, Brad Millington, Emma Rich and Anthony Bush, 75–89. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Luczak, T., R. Burch, E. Lewis, H. Chander, and J. Ball. 2020. “State-of-the-Art Review of Athletic Wearable Technology: What 113 Strength and Conditioning Coaches and Athletic Trainers from the USA Said about Technology in Sports.” International Journal of Sports Science 15 (1): 26–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119885244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascret, N. 2020. “Confinement during Covid-19 Outbreak Modifies Athletes’ Self-Based Goals.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 51: 101796. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mon-López, M., A. García-Aliaga, A. G. Bartolomé, and D. Solana. 2020. “How Has COVID-19 Modified Training and Mood in Professional and Non-Professional Football Players?” Psychology & Behavior 227:113148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113148.
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, M., and M. Gerke. 2021. “Sport and Exercise in Times of Self-Quarantine: How Germans Changed Their Behaviour at the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 56 (3): 305–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690220934335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIF. 2021a. “Norsk Idrett Jubler for Full Gjenåpning.” Norges Idrettsforbund September 24. Accessed 4 October 2021. https://www.idrettsforbundet.no/nyheter/2021/norsk-idrett-jubler-for-full-gjenapning/?fbclid=IwAR3Bw2VKFhXqWI3GP4IMzXLxhxcr5diCydbxpE5yP4Z0Hd5JkjjATraW5Vk.
   Google Scholar
• NIF. 2021b. «Tilbake til idretten» Norges Idrettsforbund, September 24. Accessed 4 October 2021. https://www.facebook.com/idrett/videos/528867481543313/
   Google Scholar
• Paoli, A., and G. Musumeci. 2020. “Elite Athletes and COVID-19 Lockdown: Future Health Concerns for an Entire Sector.” Journal of Functional Morpholoy and Kinesiology 5 (2): 30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020030.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, K., R. Uddin, N. D. Ridgers, H. Brown, J. Veitch, J. Salmon, A. Timperio, et al. 2021. “The Use of Digital Platforms for Adults’ and Adolescents’ Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Our Life at Home): Survey Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 23 (2): e23389. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/23389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parm, Ü., A. Aluoja, T. Tomingas, and A. L. Tamm. 2021. “Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Estonian Elite Athletes: Survey on Mental Health Characteristics, Training Conditions, Competition Possibilities, and Perception of Supportiveness.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (8), 4317. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peart, D., C. Balsalobre-Fernández, and M. Shaw. 2019. “Use of Mobile Applications to Collect Data in Sport, Health, and Exercise Science: A Narrative Review.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33 (4): 1167–1177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, C. L., A. Bindra, C. Blauwet, R. Budgett, N. Campriani, A. Currie, V. Gouttebarge, et al. 2021. “Mental Health Management of Elite Athletes during COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Recommendations.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 55 (11): 608–615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigamonti, L., U. V. Albrecht, C. Lutter, M. Tempel, B. Wolfarth, and D. A. Back. 2020. “Potentials of Digitalization in Sports Medicine: A Narrative Review.” Current Sports Medicine Reports 19 (4): 157–163. doi: https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rist, B., and A. Pearce. 2017. “Improving Athlete Mental Training Engagement Using Smartphone Phone Technology.” International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 7 (3): 138–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2017.V7.809.
   Google Scholar
• Sarto, F., F. M. Impellizzeri, J. Spörri, S. Porcelli, J. Olmo, B. Requena, L. Suarez-Arrones, et al. 2020. “Impact of Potential Physiological Changes Due to COVID-19 Home Confinement on Athlete Health Protection in Elite Sports: A Call for Awareness in Sports Programming.” Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 50 (8): 1417–1419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01297-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellitto, C., S. Bingley, and S. Burgess. 2016. “A Model for Evaluating Mobile Device Adoption in Community Sports Organizations.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 36 (4): 211–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467617726221.
   Google Scholar
• Şenışık, S., N. Denerel, O. Köyağasıoğlu, and S. Tunç. 2021. “The Effect of Isolation on Athletes’ Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The Physician and Sportsmedicine 49 (2): 187–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1807297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan, L., D. J. MacDonald, and J. Côté. 2016. “Project SCORE! Coaches’ Perceptions of an Online Tool to Promote Positive Youth Development in Sport.” International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 11 (1): 108–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954115624827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, R., and A. B. Smith. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Cutting of College Athletic Teams.” Sport in Society 23 (11): 1724–1735. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1804106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 2013. Using Multivariate Statistics. (6th ed.). London: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, T.-C., and J. W. Lee. 2020. “Covid-19 and Sport in the Asia Pacific Region.” Sport in Society 23 (12): 1883–1888. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1838423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjønndal, A. 2020. “#Quarantineworkout: The Use of Digital Tools and Online Training among Boxers and Boxing Coaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2: 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.589483.
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Ronda, L., and X. Schelling. 2017. “Critical Process for the Implementation of Technology in Sport Organizations.” Strength & Conditioning Journal 39 (6): 54–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trabal, P. 2008. “Resistance to Technological Innovation in Elite Sport.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 43 (3): 313–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208098255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventresca, M. 2019. “The Tangled Multiplicities of CTE: Scientific Uncertainty and the Infrastructure of Traumatic Brain Injury.” In Sports, Society, and Technology, edited by Jennifer J. Sterling, and Mary G. McDonald, 73–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, B., and R. Lewis. 2014. “Winning with Apps: A Case Study of the Current Branding Strategies Employed on Professional Sport Teams’ Mobile Apps.” International Journal of Sport Communication 7 (3): 399–416. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2014-0009.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, G., N. M. Watanabe, S. L. Shapiro, M. L. Naraine, and K. Hull. 2019. “Unfolding the Twitter Scene of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final: Social Media Networks and Power Dynamics.” European Sport Management Quarterly 19 (4): 419–436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1517272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar