Publication Cover
Sport in Society
Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics
Volume 26, 2023 - Issue 2
4,953
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

An analysis of responses on Twitter to the English Premier League’s support for the anti-homophobia rainbow laces campaign

, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Achim, M. V., S. N. Borlea, L. V. Găban, and A. A. Mihăilă. 2019. “The Shadow Economy and Culture: Evidence in European Countries.” Eastern European Economics 57 (5): 352–374. doi:10.1080/00128775.2019.1614461.
  • Ahmed, S. 2012. On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Allen, S. H., and L. A. Leslie. 2019. “Considering the Role of Nativity in the Health and Psychological Wellbeing of Black LGBT Adults.” Journal of Homosexuality 66 (13): 1769–1796. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1511134.
  • Anagnostopoulos, C., and D. Shilbury. 2013. “Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility in English Football: Towards Multi-Theoretical Integration.” Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 3 (4): 268–284. doi:10.1108/SBM-05-2013-0009.
  • Anderson, E. 2009. Inclusive Masculinity: The Changing Nature of Masculinities. New York: Routledge.
  • Anderson, E. 2014. 21st Century Jocks: Sporting Men and Contemporary Heterosexuality. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Anderson, E., R. Magrath, and R. Bullingham. 2016. Out in Sport: The Experiences of Openly Gay and Lesbian Athletes in Competitive Sport. London: Routledge.
  • Babiak, K., and R. Wolfe. 2009. “Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility in Professional Sport: Internal and External Factors.” Journal of Sport Management 23 (6): 717–742. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.6.717.
  • Baker, C. 2020. Mental Health Statistics for England: Prevalence, Services and Funding. London: House of Commons Library. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/34934/1/SN06988%20%28redacted%29.pdf.
  • Barringer, M. N., and D. A. Gay. 2017. “Happily Religious: The Surprising Sources of Happiness among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults.” Sociological Inquiry 87 (1): 75–96. doi:10.1111/soin.12154.
  • Bryman, A. 2015. Social Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bury, J. 2015. “Non-Performing Inclusion: A Critique of the English Football Association’s Action Plan on Homophobia in Football.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 50 (2): 211–226. doi:10.1177/1012690213479789.
  • Campbell, M., J., D. Hinton, and J. R. Anderson. 2019. “A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Religion and Attitudes toward Transgender and Gender-Variant People.” The International Journal of Transgenderism 20 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1545149.
  • Carroll, A. B. 1991. “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders.” Business Horizons 34 (4): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G.
  • Cashmore, E., and J. Cleland. 2011. “Glasswing Butterflies: Gay Professional Football Players and Their Culture.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 35 (4): 420–436. doi:10.1177/0193723511420163.
  • Cashmore, E., and J. Cleland. 2012. “Fans, Homophobia and Masculinities in Association Football: Evidence of a More Inclusive Environment.” The British Journal of Sociology 63 (2): 370–387. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01414.x.
  • Cashmore, E., and J. Cleland. 2014. Football’s Dark Side: Corruption, Homophobia, Violence and Racism in the Beautiful Game. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cashmore, E., J. Cleland, and K. Dixon. 2018. Screen Society. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cleland, J. 2014. “Association Football and the Representation of Homosexuality by the Print Media: A Case Study of Anton Hysén.” Journal of Homosexuality 61 (9): 1269–1287. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.926765.
  • Cleland, J. 2015. “Discussing Homosexuality on Association Football Fan Message Boards: A Changing Cultural Context.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport Journal 50 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1177/1012690213475437.
  • Cleland, J. 2018a. “Sexuality, Masculinity and Homophobia in Association Football: An Empirical Overview of a Changing Cultural Context.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53 (4): 411–423. doi:10.1177/1012690216663189.
  • Cleland, J. 2018b. “Britain’s First Openly Gay Football Referee: The Story of Ryan Atkin.” In LGBT Athletes in the Sport Media, edited by R. Magrath, 125–146. London: Routledge.
  • Cleland, J., E. Cashmore, K. Dixon, and C. MacDonald. 2021. “Analyzing the Presence of Homosexually-Themed Language Amongst Association Football Fans in the United Kingdom.” Communication & Sport: 216747952110058. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21674795211005838. doi:10.1177/21674795211005838.
  • Cleland, J., K. Dixon, and D. Kilvington. 2019. Online Research Methods in Sport Studies. London: Routledge.
  • Cleland, J., R. Magrath, and E. Kian. 2018. “The Internet as a Site of Decreasing Cultural Homophobia in Association Football: An Online Response by Fans to the Coming out of Thomas Hitzlsperger.” Men and Masculinities 21 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1177/1097184X16663261.
  • Clements, B., and C. Field. 2014. “Public Opinion toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights in Great Britain.” Public Opinion Quarterly 78 (2): 523–547. doi:10.1093/poq/nfu018.
  • Cunningham, G. B. 2015. “LGBT Inclusive Athletic Departments as Agents of Social Change.” Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 8 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1123/jis.2014-0131.
  • Denison, E., N. Bevan, and R. Jeanes. 2021. “Reviewing Evidence of LGBTQ + Discrimination and Exclusion in Sport.” Sport Management Review 24 (3): 389–409. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.003.
  • Eagleman, A. N. 2013. “Acceptance, Motivations, and Usage of Social Media as a Marketing Communications Tool Amongst Employees of Sport National Governing Bodies.” Sport Management Review 16 (4): 488–497. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.004.
  • Fenton, A., and K. D. Parry. In Press. “Netnography – Researching the Field behind the Screen.” In Sage Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. 2nd ed., edited by L. Sloan and A. Haase. London: Sage.
  • Frary, M. 2019. “Hiding Your True Self: LGBT People Face Particular Discrimination at Some International Borders.” Index on Censorship 48 (3): 23–25. doi:10.1177/0306422019876455.
  • Gibbs, J. J., and J. Goldbach. 2015. “Religious Conflict, Sexual Identity, and Suicidal Behaviors among LGBT Young Adults.” Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research 19 (4): 472–488. doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1004476.
  • Greenburg, J., and A. C. Gaia. 2019. “Interpersonal Contact, Stereotype Acceptance, Gender Role Beliefs, Causal Attribution, and Religiosity as Predictors of Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals.” Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 24 (1): 18–32. doi:10.24839/2325-7342.JN24.1.18.
  • Griffin, P. 1998. Strong Women, Deep Closets: Lesbians and Homophobia in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Hamil, S., and S. Morrow. 2011. “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Scottish Premier League: Context and Motivation.” European Sport Management Quarterly 11 (2): 143–170. doi:10.1080/16184742.2011.559136.
  • Hartmann-Tews, I., T. Menzel, and B. Braumüller. 2021. “Homo-and Transnegativity in Sport in Europe: Experiences of LGBT + Individuals in Various Sport Settings.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport Online Sport 56 (7): 997–1016. https://doi/10.1177/1012690220968108. doi:10.1177/1012690220968108.
  • Herring, C. 2009. “Does Diversity Pay? Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity.” American Sociological Review 74 (2): 208–224. doi:10.1177/000312240907400203.
  • Hoffarth, M. R., G. Hodson, and D. S. Molnar. 2018. “When and Why is Religious Attendance Associated with Antigay Bias and Gay Rights Opposition? A Justification-Suppression Model Approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115 (3): 526–563. doi:10.1037/pspp0000146.
  • Janssen, D. J., and P. Scheepers. 2019. “How Religiosity Shapes Rejection of Homosexuality across the Globe.” Journal of Homosexuality 66 (14): 1974–2001. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1522809.
  • Kates, S. M. 2000. “Out of the Closet and out on the Street! Gay Men and Their Brand Relationships.” Psychology and Marketing 17 (6): 493–513. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200006)17:6<493::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-F.
  • Kick It Out. 2020. “ Discrimination in Football on the Rise.” https://www.kickitout.org/news/discrimination-in-football-on-the-rise
  • Kilvington, D., and J. Price. 2019. “Tackling Social Media Abuse? Critically Assessing English Football’s Response to Online Racism.” Communication & Sport 7 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1177/2167479517745300.
  • Kowalski, R. M., and S. P. Limber. 2013. “Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying.” The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 53 (1 Suppl): S13–S20. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018.
  • Kozinets, R. 2015. Netnography: Redefined. London: Sage.
  • Lee, C., and R. L. Ostergard. Jr. 2017. “Measuring Discrimination against LGBTQ People: A Cross-National Analysis.” Human Rights Quarterly 39 (1): 37–72. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0001.
  • Lenskyj, H. 1986. Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality. Toronto: Women’s Press.
  • Litchfield, C., E. J. Kavanagh, J. Osborne, and I. Jones. 2016. “Virtual Maltreatment: Sexualisation and Social Media Abuse in Sport.” Psychology of Women Section Review 18 (2): 36–47.
  • Magrath, R. 2017. Inclusive Masculinities in Contemporary Football: Men in the Beautiful Game. London: Routledge.
  • Magrath, R. 2018. “To Try and Gain an Advantage for My Team’: Homophobic and Homosexually Themed Chanting among English Football Fans.” Sociology 52 (4): 709–726. doi:10.1177/0038038517702600.
  • Magrath, R. 2020. “Progress… Slowly, but Surely”: The Sports Media Workplace, Gay Sports Journalists, and LGBT Media Representation in Sport.” Journalism Studies 21 (2): 254–270. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2019.1639537.
  • Magrath, R., J. Cleland, and E. Anderson. 2017. “Bisexual Erasure in the British Print Media: Representation of Tom Daley’s Coming Out.” Journal of Bisexuality 17 (3): 300–317. doi:10.1080/15299716.2017.1359130.
  • Magrath, R., and P. Stott. 2019. “Impossible to Implement?’: The Effectiveness of anti-Homophobia Policy in English Professional Football.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 11 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1479284.
  • McCormack, M. 2013. The Declining Significance of Homophobia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • McCormack, M.,. L. Wignall, and M. Morris. 2016. “Gay Guys Using Gay Language: Friendship, Shared Values and the intent-context-effect matrix .” The British Journal of Sociology 67 (4): 747–767. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12203.
  • Messner, M. 1992. Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity. New York: Beacon Press.
  • Moreno, A., R. Ardila, K. Zervoulis, J. A. Nel, E. Light, and L. Chamberland. 2019. “Cross-Cultural Perspectives of LGBTQ Psychology from Five Different Countries: Current State and Recommendations.” Psychology and Sexuality 11 (1–2): 1–27.
  • Morgan, S. 2013. “The Premier League. A Commitment to Social Responsibility.” In The Routledge Handbook of Sport and Corporate Social Responsibility, edited by J. L. Paramio Salcines, K. Babiak, and G. Walters, 251–262. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  • Parry, K. D., J. Cleland, and E. Kavanagh. 2020. “Racial Folklore, Black Masculinities and the Reproduction of Dominant Racial Ideologies: The Case of Israel Folau.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55 (7): 850–867. doi:10.1177/1012690219860355.
  • Parry, K. D., R. Storr, E. Kavanagh, and E. Anderson. 2021. “Conceptualising Organisational Cultural Lag: Marriage Equality and Australian Sport.” Journal of Sociology 57 (4): 986–1008. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783321991653. doi:10.1177/1440783321991653.
  • Pew Research Center. 2020. “The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists.” https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/
  • Pietkiewicz, I. J., and M. Kołodziejczyk-Skrzypek. 2016. “Living in Sin? How Gay Catholics Manage Their Conflicting Sexual and Religious Identities.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 45 (6): 1573–1585. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0752-0.
  • Premier League. 2019. “Premier League Global Audience on the Rise.” https://www.premierleague.com/news/1280062
  • Pronger, B. 1990. The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Sowe, B. J., A. J. Taylor, and J. Brown. 2017. “Religious anti-Gay Prejudice as a Predictor of Mental Health, Abuse, and Substance Use.” The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 87 (6): 690–703. doi:10.1037/ort0000297.
  • Statista. 2020a. “Number of Football Attendances in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2019, by League.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/686981/football-aggregate-attendance-by-league-united-kingdom/#:∼:text=The%20Premier%20League%20is%20the,14.5%20million%20spectators%20in%202019
  • Statista. 2020b. “Number of Social Media Users Worldwide 2010–2021.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/
  • Steele, L. S., A. Daley, D. Curling, M. F. Gibson, D. C. Green, C. C. Williams, and L. E. Ross. 2017. “LGBT Identity, Untreated Depression, and Unmet Need for Mental Health Services by Sexual Minority Women and Trans-Identified People.” Journal of Women’s Health (2002) 26 (2): 116–127. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5677.
  • Storr, R. 2021. “The Poor Cousin of Inclusion”: Australian Sporting Organisations and LGBT + Diversity and Inclusion.” Sport Management Review 24 (3): 410–420. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2020.05.001.
  • Storr, R., Jeanes, R., and T. Rossi, Lisahunter. 2022. “Are We There yet? (Illusions of) Inclusion in Sport for LGBT + Communities in Australia.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 57 (1): 92–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211014037.
  • Thompson, J. D., and D. Muller. 2021. “Freedom of Speech is Not Freedom from Ethics: The 2019 Israel Folau Media Controversy as a Case Study.” Media International Australia 181 (1): 87–102. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1329878X21992890. doi:10.1177/1329878X21992890.
  • Townsend, L., and W. Wallace. 2016. “Social Media Research: A Guide to Ethics.” https://www.bolton.ac.uk/assets/Uploads/Social-media-ethics-study-Aberdeen-2018.pdf
  • Watt, L., and M. Elliot. 2019. “Homonegativity in Britain: Changing Attitudes towards Same-Sex Relationships.” Journal of Sex Research 56 (9): 1101–1114. doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1623160.
  • White, A., R. Magrath, and L. E. Morales. 2021. “Gay Male Athletes’ Coming-Out Stories on Outsports.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 56 (7): 1017–1034. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1012690220969355. doi:10.1177/1012690220969355.
  • Zeimers, G., C. Anagnostopoulos, T. Zintz, and A. Willem. 2019. “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Football: Exploring Modes of CSR Implementation.” In Routledge Handbook of Football Business and Management, edited by S. Chadwick, D. Parnell, P. Widdop, and C. Anagnostopoulos, 114–130. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.