Long-term sport participation after the Olympic Games: from ‘inspirational feelings’ to ‘inspirational effects’

References

• Aizawa, K., J. Wu, Y. Inoue, and M. Sato. 2018. “Long-Term Impact of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games on Sport Participation: A Cohort Analysis.” Sport Management Review 21 (1): 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allender, S., G. Cowburn, and C. Foster. 2006. “Understanding Participation in Sport and Physical Activity among Children and Adults: A Review of Qualitative Studies.” Health Education Research 21 (6): 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annear, M., S. Sato, T. Kidokoro, and Y. Shimizu. 2022. “Can International Sports Mega Events Be Considered Physical Activity Interventions? A Systematic Review and Quality Assessment of Large-Scale Population Studies.” Sport in Society 25 (4): 712–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1957834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., W. H. Freeman, and R. Lightsey. 1999. “Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control.” Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13 (2): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, A. E., R. S. Reis, J. F. Sallis, J. C. Wells, R. J. F. Loos, and B. W. Martin. 2012. “Correlates of Physical Activity: Why Are Some People Physically Active and Others Not?” Lancet 380 (9838): 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, A., D. Merom, F. C. Bull, D. M. Buchner, and M. A. Fiatarone Singh. 2016. “Updating the Evidence for Physical Activity: Summative Reviews of the Epidemiological Evidence, Prevalence, and Interventions to Promote “Active Aging.” The Gerontologist 56 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): S268–S280. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauman, A. E., M. Kamada, R. S. Reis, R. P. Troiano, D. Ding, K. Milton, N. Murphy, and P. C. Hallal. 2021. “An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Impact of the Olympic Games on Population Levels of Physical Activity.” Lancet 398 (10298): 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01165-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, C., R. J. Shephard, and P. H. Brubaker. 1994. “Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: Consensus Statement.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26 (1): 119. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199401000-00024
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2021. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. 1970. “Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursa, B., and M. Mailer. 2021. “Can Large Cycling Events Promote Active Mobility? Expectations versus Reality on the Example of the 2018 UCI Cycling World Championship.” Research in Transportation Business & Management 40: 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R. V., and T. Lorenc. 2015. “A Qualitative Study into the Development of a Physical Activity Legacy from the London 2012 Olympic Games.” Health Promotion International 30 (3): 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chad, K. E., B. A. Reeder, E. L. Harrison, N. L. Ashworth, S. M. Sheppard, S. L. Schultz, B. G. Bruner, K. L. Fisher, and J. A. Lawson. 2005. “Profile of Physical Activity Levels in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37 (10): 1774–1784. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000181303.51937.9c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., B. C. Green, M. Taks, and L. Misener. 2017. “Creating Sport Participation from Sport Events: Making It Happen.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 9 (2): 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1257496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M. 2011. “An Introduction to Key Concepts in Understanding the Chinese: Harmony as the Foundation of Chinese Communication.” China Media Research 7 (4): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S., and I. Henry. 2016. “Evaluating the London 2012 Games’ Impact on Sport Participation in a Non-hosting Region: A Practical Application of Realist Evaluation.” Leisure Studies 35 (5): 685–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1040827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., and L. Misener. 2019. “Event Leveraging in a Nonhost Region: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Sport Management 33 (4): 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., and I. Henry. 2020. “Assessing Olympic Legacy Claims: Evaluating Explanations of Causal Mechanisms and Policy Outcomes.” Evaluation 26 (3): 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389019836675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S., M. E. Domino, S. C. Stearns, and B. M. Popkin. 2009. “Retirement and Physical Activity.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36 (5): 422–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Xing, X., and Chalip, L. (2022). “Planning and implementation of event leveraging ­strategy: China’s legacy pledge to motivate 300 million people to be involved in winter sport.” Sport Management Review, 26 (5): 771–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1987737
   Google Scholar
• Coalter, F. 2017. “Sport and Social Inclusion: Evidence-Based Policy and Practice.” Social Inclusion 5 (2): 141–149. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., P. Sotiriadou, and M. Van Bottenburg. 2013. “Scrutinizing the Sport Pyramid Metaphor: An Examination of the Relationship between Elite Success and Mass Participation in Flanders.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 5 (3): 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.806340
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P. 2007. “Exploring the Economic Choice to Participate in Sport: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey.” International Review of Applied Economics 21 (5): 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692170701474710
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., F. Lera-López, and S. Rasciute. 2014. “The Correlates of Sports Participation in Europe.” European Journal of Sport Science 14 (6): 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.880191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downward, P., and S. Rasciute. 2011. “Does Sport Make You Happy? An Analysis of the Well‐Being Derived from Sports Participation.” International Review of Applied Economics 25 (3): 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2010.511168
   Google Scholar
• Dusek, G., Y. Yurova, and C. P. Ruppel. 2015. “Using Social Media and Targeted Snowball Sampling to Survey a Hard-to-Reach Population: A Case Study.” International Journal of Doctoral Studies 10: 279–299. https://doi.org/10.28945/2296
   Google Scholar
• Fairley, S., S. Gardiner, and K. Filo. 2016. “The Spirit Lives on: The Legacy of Volunteering at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.” Event Management 20 (2): 201–215. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599516X14610017108747
   Google Scholar
• Feng, J., and F. Hong. 2013. “The Legacy: Did the Beijing Olympic Games Have a Long-Term Impact on Grassroots Sport Participation in Chinese Townships?” The International Journal of the History of Sport 30 (4): 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.765725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frawley, S., and A. Cush. 2011. “Major Sport Events and Participation Legacy: The Case of the 2003 Rugby World Cup.” Managing Leisure 16 (1): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.532605
   Google Scholar
• Frawley, S., K. Toohey, and A. Veal. 2013. “Managing Sport Participation Legacy at the Olympic Games.” In Managing the Olympics, 66–83. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., and A. McConnell. 2011. “Serious Sport Tourism and Event Travel Careers.” Journal of Sport Management 25 (4): 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.4.326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, D. E. 2003. “Developing the Professional Self-Concept: Role Model Construals in Early, Middle, and Late Career Stages.” Organization Science 14 (5): 591–610. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.5.591.16767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girginov, V., and L. Hills. 2008. “A Sustainable Sports Legacy: Creating a Link between the London Olympics and Sports Participation.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (14): 2091–2116. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439015
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, P. M. 1993. “Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions.” European Review of Social Psychology 4 (1): 141–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000059
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., and H. Preuss. 2008. “Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building up Legacies.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (14): 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., and C. Breuer. 2014. “The Influence of Socio-Demographic Indicators Economic Determinants and Social Recognition on Sport Participation in Germany.” European Journal of Sport Science 14 Suppl 1 (sup1): S324–S331. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.704078
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harre, R., and P. F. Secord. 1972. The Explanation of Social Behaviour. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, I. 2016. “The Meta-Evaluation of the Sports Participation Impact and Legacy of the London 2012 Games: Methodological Implications.” Journal of Global Sport Management 1 (1–2): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2016.1177356
   Google Scholar
• Hindson, A., B. Gidlow, and C. Peebles. 1994. “The Trickledown Effect of Top-Level Sport: Myth or Reality? A Case Study of the Olympics.” Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation 4 (1): 16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hovemann, G., and P. Wicker. 2009. “Determinants of Sport Participation in the European Union.” European Journal for Sport and Society 6 (1): 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2009.11687827
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, B. R., and J. E. Ruseski. 2011. “An Economic Analysis of Participation and Time Spent in Physical Activity.” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 11 (1). Oxford. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, B., and J. E. Ruseski. 2006. “Economic Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity and Sport.” Working Paper Series of the International Association of Sports Economics (IASE). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. https://hcapps.holycross.edu/hcs/RePEc/spe/HumphreysRuseski_Participation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kokolakakis, T., F. Lera-López, and G. Ramchandani. 2019. “Did London 2012 Deliver a Sports Participation Legacy?” Sport Management Review 22 (2): 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokolakakis, T., and F. Lera-López. 2022. “Sport Legacy Impact on Ethnic Minority Groups: The Case of London 2012.” Sport in Society 25 (4): 730–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2011229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, B. H., J. S. Rossi, V. C. Selby, R. S. Niaura, and D. B. Abrams. 1992. “The Stages and Processes of Exercise Adoption and Maintenance in a Worksite Sample.” Health Psychology 11 (6): 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.11.6.386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson, C. M. 2010. “Legacy Planning, Regeneration and Events: The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.” Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 25 (1): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02690940903545364
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G., S. Thomas, H. Thomson, J. Scott, V. Hamilton, P. Hanlon, D. S. Morrison, and L. Bond. 2010. “The Health and Socioeconomic Impacts of Major Multi-Sport Events: Systematic Review (1978–2008).” BMJ 340 (4): C2369–C2369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misener, L., D. McGillivray, G. McPherson, and D. Legg. 2015. “Leveraging Parasport Events for Sustainable Community Participation: The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.” Annals of Leisure Research 18 (4): 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2015.1045913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORI. 2004. “The Sports Development Impact of the Commonwalth Games 2002—Post-Games Research.” Final Report: Research Study Conducted for UK Sport in Greater Manchester, Blackburn, Congleton and Liverpool.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, N. M., and A. Bauman. 2007. “Mass Sporting and Physical Activity Events—Are They “Bread and Circuses” or Public Health Interventions to Increase Population Levels of Physical Activity?” Journal of Physical Activity & Health 4 (2): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.2.193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mutter, F., and T. Pawlowski. 2014a. “The Causal Effect of Professional Sports on Amateur Sport Participation – An Instrumental Variable Approach.” International Journal of Sport Finance 9: 172–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutter, F., and T. Pawlowski. 2014b. “The Monetary Value of the Demonstration Effect of Professional Sports.” European Sport Management Quarterly 14 (2): 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.882369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perks, T. 2015. “Exploring an Olympic “Legacy”: Sport Participation in Canada before and after the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics: Exploring an Olympic “Legacy”.” Canadian Review of Sociology 52 (4): 462–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piggin, J., S. J. Jackson, and M. Lewis. 2009. “Knowledge, Power and Politics: Contesting ‘Evidence-Based’ National Sport Policy.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 44 (1): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690209102825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potwarka, L. R., and S. T. Leatherdale. 2016. “The Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Rates among Youth in Canada: Any Evidence of a Trickle-down Effect?” Leisure Studies 35 (2): 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1040826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potwarka, L. R., D. Drewery, R. Snelgrove, M. E. Havitz, and H. Mair. 2018. “Modeling a Demonstration Effect: The Case of Spectators’ Experiences at 2015 Pan Am Games’ Track Cycling Competitions.” Leisure Sciences 40 (6): 578–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2017.1325796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potwarka, L. R., and P. Wicker. 2020. “Conditions under Which Trickle-Down Effects Occur: A Realist Synthesis Approach.” Sustainability 13 (1): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. 2007. “The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 12 (3–4): 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957
   Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G. M., and R. J. Coleman. 2012. “The Inspirational Effects of Three Major Sport Events.” International Journal of Event and Festival Management 3 (3): 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/17582951211262693
   Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., L. E. Davies, R. Coleman, S. Shibli, and J. Bingham. 2015. “Limited or Lasting Legacy? The Effect of Non-Mega Sport Event Attendance on Participation.” European Sport Management Quarterly, 15 (1): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.996583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., R. Coleman, and E. Christy. 2017. “The Sport Participation Legacy of Major Events in the UK.” Health Promotion International 34 (1): 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dax061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, A. C., F. R. De Sousa-Mast, and L. A. Gurgel. 2014. “Rio 2016 and the Sport Participation Legacies.” Leisure Studies 33 (5): 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.758304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, A. C., S. Frawley, D. Hodgetts, A. Thomson, and K. Hughes. 2017. “Sport Participation Legacy and the Olympic Games: The Case of Sydney 2000, London 2012, and Rio 2016.” Event Management 21 (2): 139–158. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14878772869568
   Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., R. B. Cervero, W. Ascher, K. A. Henderson, M. K. Kraft, and J. Kerr. 2006. “An Ecological Approach to Creating Active Living Communities.” Annual Review of Public Health 27 (1): 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheerder, J., K. Breedveld, and J. Borgers. 2015. Running across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., and B. Smith. 2013. Qualitative Research Methods in Sport, Exercise and Health. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852187
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 2013. Using Multivariate Statistics: International Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M., B. C. Green, L. Misener, and L. Chalip. 2018. “Sport Participation from Sport Events: Why It Doesn’t Happen?” Marketing Intelligence & Planning 36 (2): 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2017-0091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teare, G., and M. Taks. 2021. “Sport Events for Sport Participation: A Scoping Review.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 3: 655579. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.655579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thrash, T. M., and A. J. Elliot. 2003. “Inspiration as a Psychological Construct.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (4): 871–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. 2010. “Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 16 (10): 837–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410383121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost, S. G., N. Owen, A. E. Bauman, J. F. Sallis, and W. Brown. 2002. “Correlates of Adults’ Participation in Physical Activity: Review and Update.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34 (12): 1996–2001. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200212000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truno, E. 1995. “The Keys to Success: The Social, Sporting, Economic and Communications Impact of Barcelona’92.” In The Keys to Success. 1st ed., edited by M. D. Moragas and M. D. Botella. Barcelona: Servei de Publicacions de la UAB, 43–56. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/44246.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J. 2006. Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: A Practical Guide. Pearson Education. Harlow: FT Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J., K. Toohey, and S. Frawley. 2012. “The Sport Participation Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and Other International Sporting Events Hosted in Australia.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 4 (2): 155–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.662619
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A., and K. Toohey. 2005. “Sport for All & the Legacy of Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.” The Third International Event Management Research Conference, Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Weed, M., E. Coren, J. Fiore, I. Wellard, D. Chatziefstathiou, L. Mansfield, and S. Dowse. 2015. “The Olympic Games and Raising Sport Participation: A Systematic Review of Evidence and an Interrogation of Policy for a Demonstration Effect.” European Sport Management Quarterly 15 (2): 195–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.998695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, M., E. Coren, J. Fiore, I. Wellard, L. Mansfield, D. Chatziefstathiou, and S. Dowse. 2012. “Developing a Physical Activity Legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: A Policy-Led Systematic Review.” Perspectives in Public Health 132 (2): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911435758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., and B. Frick. 2016. “The Inspirational Effect of Sporting Achievements and Potential Role Models in Football: A Gender-Specific Analysis.” Managing Sport and Leisure 21 (5): 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2016.1265461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., K. Hallmann, and C. Breuer. 2012. “Micro and Macro Level Determinants of Sport Participation.” Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2 (1): 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211207665
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., K. Hallmann, and C. Breuer. 2013. “Analysing the Impact of Sport Infrastructure on Sport Participation Using Geo-Coded Data: Evidence from Multi-Level Models.” Sport Management Review 16 (1): 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., and P. Sotiriadou. 2014. The Trickle-Down Effect: what population groups benefit from hosting major sport events?. International Journal of Event Management Research, 8 (2): 25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., J. Prinz, and T. Von Hanau. 2012. “Estimating the Value of National Sporting Success.” Sport Management Review 15 (2): 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2022. World Development Indicators: GDP Growth (Annual %)—China & UK. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN.
   Google Scholar
• Xing, X., and S. Chen. 2021. “Beijing 2008: One World, One Dream.” In Sport Participation and Olympic Legacies. Chapter 5, edited by S. Harris and M. Dowling. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar