Approaches to improving exercise capacity in patients with left ventricular assist devices: an area requiring further investigation

References

• Prinzing A, Herold U, Berkefeld A, et al. Left ventricular assist devices-current state and perspectives. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(8):E660–E666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzi M, Giraud R, Tozzi P, et al. Long-term continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) as bridge to heart transplantation. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(3):532–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez LE, Suarez EE, Loebe M, et al. Ventricular assist devices (VAD) therapy: new technology, new hope? Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2013;9(1):32–37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, et al. Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(11):1505–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of Amer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(6):776–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alraies MC, Eckman P. Adult heart transplant: indications and outcomes. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(8):1120–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers DC, Cherikh WS, Goldfarb SB, et al. The international thoracic organ transplant registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: thirty-fifth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report—2018; focus theme: multiorgan transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2018;37(10):1169–1183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kormos RL, Cowger J, Pagani FD, et al. The society of thoracic surgeons intermacs database annual report: evolving indications, outcomes, and scientific partnerships. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(2):341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazami N, Fukamachi K, Kobayashi M, et al. Axial and centrifugal continuous-flow rotary pumps: A translation from pump mechanics to clinical practice. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Pagani FD, et al. Pump thrombosis in the thoratec heartMate II device: an update analysis of the INTERMACS registry. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(12):1515–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresiello L, Buys R, Jacobs S, et al. Exercise capacity in left ventricular assist device patients with full and partial support. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(2):168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers JG, Aaronson KD, Boyle AJ, et al. Continuous flow left ventricular assist device improves functional capacity and quality of life of advanced heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(17):1826–1834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen JG, Weiss ES, Schaffer JM, et al. Surviving 12 months after left ventricular assist. Hear Lung. 2011;29(3):278–285.
   Google Scholar
• Jung MH, Gustafsson F. Exercise in heart failure patients supported with a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(4):489–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, et al.Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2016;134. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson K, Levett DZH, Jack S, et al. Fit for surgery? Perspectives on preoperative exercise testing and training. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119:i34–i43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas RJ, Balady G, Banka G, et al. ACC/AHA clinical performance and quality measures for cardiac rehabilitation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on performance measures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(16):1814–1837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardley M, Gullestad L, Nytrøen K. Importance of physical capacity and the effects of exercise in heart transplant recipients. World J Transplant. 2018;8(1):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yardley M, Havik OE, Grov I, et al. Peak oxygen uptake and self-reported physical health are strong predictors of long-term survival after heart transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2016;30(2):161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosev I, Kiernan MS, Eckman P, et al. Long-term survival in patients receiving a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(3):696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Broek SA, van Veldhuisen DJ, de Graeff PA, et al. Comparison between New York Heart Association classification and peak oxygen consumption in the assessment of functional status and prognosis in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure secondary to either ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(3):359–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell SD, Saval MA, Robbins JL, et al. New York Heart Association functional class predicts exercise parameters in the current era. Am Heart J. 2009;158(4 Suppl):S24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan DJ, Williams CT, Ehrman JK, et al. Muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with health status in patients with recently implanted continuous-flow LVADs. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2013;33(6):396–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan DJ, Williams CT, Ehrman JK, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation improves functional capacity and patient-reported health status in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: the rehab-vad randomized controlled trial. JACC Hear Fail. 2014;2(6):653–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolo A, Paolillo S, Contini M, et al. Comprehensive effects of left ventricular assist device speed changes on alveolar gas exchange, sleep ventilatory pattern, and exercise performance. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2018;37(11):1361–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung MH, Hansen PB, Sander K, et al. Effect of increasing pump speed during exercise on peak oxygen uptake in heart failure patients supported with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. A double-blind randomized study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(4):403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung MH, Houston B, Russell SD, et al. Pump speed modulations and sub-maximal exercise tolerance in left ventricular assist device recipients: a double-blind, randomized trial. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(1):36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum AN, Dunlay SM, Pereira NL, et al. Determinants of improvement in cardiopulmonary exercise testing after left ventricular assist device implantation. Asaio J. 2018;64(5):610–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyaga-Rendon RY, Plaisance EP, Arena R, et al. Exercise physiology, testing, and training in patients supported by a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(8):1005–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir O, Radovancevic B, Delgado RM, et al. Peripheral vascular reactivity in patients with pulsatile vs axial flow left ventricular assist device support. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(4):391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witman MAH, Garten RS, Gifford JR, et al. Further peripheral vascular dysfunction in heart failure patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device: the role of pulsatility. JACC Hear Fail. 2015;3(9):703–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes K, Leet AS, Bradley SJ, Holland AE. Effects of exercise training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with a left ventricular assist device: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31(7):729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganga HV, Leung A, Jantz J, et al. Supervised exercise training versus usual care in ambulatory patients with left ventricular assist devices: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Gal T, Piepoli MF, Corrà U, et al. Exercise programs for LVAD supported patients: A snapshot from the ESC affiliated countries. Int J Cardiol. 2015;201:215–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piña IL, Apstein CS, Balady GJ, et al. Exercise and heart failure: A statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation. 2003;107(8):1210–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piepoli MF, Crisafulli A. Pathophysiology of human heart failure: importance of skeletal muscle myopathy and reflexes. Exp Physiol. 2014;99(4):609–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim HS, Howell N, Ranasinghe A. The physiology of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Card Fail. 2017;23(2):169–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martina J, Jonge N, Rutten M, et al. Exercise hemodynamics during extended continuous flow left ventricular assist device support: the response of systemic cardiovascular parameters and pump performance. Artif Organs. 2013;37(9):754–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassard P, Jensen AS, Nordsborg N, et al. Central and peripheral blood flow during exercise with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Circ Hear Fail. 2011;4(5):554–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noor MR, Bowles C, Banner NR. Relationship between pump speed and exercise capacity during heartMate II left ventricular assist device support: influence of residual left ventricular function. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(6):613–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt T, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Bartsch P, et al. Exercise capacity and functional performance in heart failure patients supported by a left ventricular assist device at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Artif Organs. 2018;42(1):22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakovljevic DG, Yacoub MH, Schueler S, et al. Left ventricular assist device as a bridge to recovery for patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(15):1924–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt T, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Mommertz S, et al. Changes in total cardiac output and oxygen extraction during exercise in patients supported with an HVAD left ventricular assist device. Artif Organs. 2018;42(7):686–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamonsen RF, Mason DG, Ayre PJ. Response of rotary blood pumps to changes in preload and afterload at a fixed speed setting are unphysiological when compared with the natural heart. Artif Organs. 2011;35:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly RC, Chandrasekaran K, Cavarocchi NC, et al. Ischemia of the interventricular septum. A mechanism of right ventricular failure during mechanical left ventricular assist. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103(6):1186–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon MR, DeAnda A, Castro LJ, et al. 2nd, Ingels NBJ, Miller DC. Effects of mechanical left ventricular support on right ventricular diastolic function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16(4):398–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaski BE, Kim J, Maly RS, et al. Effects of exercise during long-term support with a left ventricular assist device. Results of the experience with left ventricular assist device with exercise (EVADE) pilot trial. Circulation. 1997;95(10):2401–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou X, Templeton DL, John R, et al. Effects of continuous flow left ventricular assist device support on microvascular endothelial function. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5(3):345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laoutaris ID, Dritsas A, Adamopoulos S, et al. Benefits of physical training on exercise capacity, inspiratory muscle function, and quality of life in patients with ventricular assist devices long-term postimplantation. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2011;18(1):33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kugler C, Malehsa D, Schrader E, et al. A multi-modal intervention in management of left ventricular assist device outpatients: dietary counselling, controlled exercise and psychosocial support. Eur J Cardio Thoracic Surg. 2012;42(6):1026–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marko C, Danzinger G, Käferbäck M, et al. Safety and efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(11):1378–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapolat H, Engin C, Eroglu M, et al. Efficacy of the cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplant patients, and left ventricular assist device recipients. Transplant Proc. 2013;45(9):3381–3385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheiderer R, Belden C, Schwab D, et al. Exercise guidelines for inpatients following ventricular assist device placement: a systematic review of the literature. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2013;(June(2)):35–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adamopoulos S, Gouziouta A, Mantzouratou P, et al. Thyroid hormone signalling is altered in response to physical training in patients with end-stage heart failure and mechanical assist devices: potential physiological consequences? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;17(4):664–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahalin LP, Arena R, Guazzi M, et al. Inspiratory muscle training in heart disease and heart failure: a review of the literature with a focus on method of training and outcomes. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;11(2):161–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ades PA, Keteyian SJ, Wright JS, et al. Increasing cardiac rehabilitation participation from 20% to 70%: a road map from the million hearts cardiac rehabilitation collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamopoulos S, Corrà U, Laoutaris ID, et al. Exercise training in patients with ventricular assist devices: a review of the evidence and practical advice. A position paper from the committee on exercise physiology and training and the committee of advanced heart failure of the heart failure associat. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(1):3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration. Disability evaluation under social security (Blue book - october 2008). https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/4.00-Cardiovascular-Adult.htm#4_02. Published 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann JM, Duncan MS, Shah AS, et al. Association of cardiac rehabilitation with decreased hospitalizations and mortality after ventricular assist device implantation. JACC Hear Fail. 2018;6(2):130–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Schulman KA, et al. Relationship between cardiac rehabilitation and long-term risks of death and myocardial infarction among elderly medicare beneficiaries. Circulation. 2010;121(1):63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suaya JA, Stason WB, Ades PA, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(1):25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters AE, Keeley EC. Trends and predictors of participation in cardiac rehabilitation following acute myocardial infarction: data from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(1):1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraal JJ, Elske Van Den Akker-Van Marle M, Abu-Hanna A, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation compared to conventional, centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: results of the FIT@home study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(12):1260–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopfer DW, Krishnamurthi N, Shen H, et al. Association of veterans health administration home-based programs with access to and participation in cardiac rehabilitation. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(5):715–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham SA, Taylor RS, Jolly K, et al. Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: abridged cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016;3:2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss N, Schmidt T, Boeckelmann M, et al. Telemonitoring of left-ventricular assist device patients-current status and future challenges. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 15):S1794–S1801.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lampert BC, Emani S. Remote hemodynamic monitoring for ambulatory left ventricular assist device patients. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(12):2165–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt T, Reiss N, Deniz E, et al. Adaptive pump speed algorithms to improve exercise capacity in patients supported with a left-ventricular assist device. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;236:235–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vignati C, Apostolo A, Cattadori G, et al. Lvad pump speed increase is associated with increased peak exercise cardiac output and vo2, postponed anaerobic threshold and improved ventilatory efficiency. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Koenig SC, Wu Z, et al. Sensor-based physiologic control strategy for biventricular support with rotary blood pumps. Asaio J. 2018;64(2):338–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vollkron M, Schima H, Huber L, et al. Development of a reliable automatic speed control system for rotary blood pumps. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24(11):1878–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar