Ablation for the treatment of Brugada syndrome: current status and future prospects

References

• Sieira J, Dendramis G, Brugada P, et al. Pathogenesis and management of Brugada syndrome. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016 Dec;13(12):744–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005;111:659–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Nimmannit S, et al. Arrhythmogenic marker for the sudden unexplained death syndrome in Thai men. Circulation. 1997;96:2595–2600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan HL, Hofman N, van Langen IM, et al. Sudden unexplained death: heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives. Circulation. 2005;112:207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Werf C, Hofman N, Than HL, et al. Diagnostic yield in sudden unexplained death and aborted cardiac arrest in the young: the experience of a tertiary referral center in The Netherlands. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1383–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor G, Raju H, de Noronha SV, et al. Clinical characteristics and circumstances of death in the sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:1078–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garson AJR, Macdonald D, Fournier A, et al. The long QT syndrome in children. An international study of 287 patients. Circulation. 1993;87:1866–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST-segment elevation. Circulation. 1999;100:1660–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch Thomsen PE, Joergensen RM, Kanters JK, et al. Phase 2 reentry in man. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:797–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. In vivo human demonstration of phase 2 reentry. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:804–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronel R, Casini S, Koopmann TT, et al. Right ventricular fibrosis and conduction delay in a patient with clinical signs of Brugada syndrome: a combined electrophysiological, genetic, histopathologic, and computational study. Circulation. 2005;112:2769–2777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagase S, Fukushima-Kusano K, Morita H, et al. Epicardial electrogram of the right ventricular outflow tract in patients with the Brugada syndrome: using the epicardial lead. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1992–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al. Brugada syndrome: a decade of progress. Circ Res. 2002 Dec 13;91(12):1114–1118. Review. PubMed PMID: 12480811.
   Google Scholar
• Tukkie R, Sogaard P, Vleugels J, et al. Delay in right ventricular activation contributes to Brugada syndrome. Circulation. 2004;109:1272–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, et al. Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation. 2002;105:1342–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieira J, Conte G, Ciconte G, et al. Prognostic value of programmed electrical stimulation in Brugada syndrome: 20 years experience. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:777–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst V, Veltmann C, Eckardt L, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: results from the FINGER Brugada Syndrome Registry. Circulation. 2010;121:635–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:1932–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(2015):2793–2867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olde Nordkamp LR, Postema PG, Knops RE, et al. Implantable cardioverterdefibrillator harm in young patients with inherited arrhythmia syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of inappropriate shocks and complications. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:443–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte G, Sieira J, Ciconte G, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in Brugada syndrome: a 20-year single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:879–888. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher F, Probst V, Maury P, et al. Outcome after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter study-part 2. Circulation. 2013;128:1739–1747, Belhassen, B., Rahkovich, M., Michowitz, Y., Glick, A. & Viskin, S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada J, Pappone C, Berruezo A, et al. Brugada syndrome phenotype elimination by epicardial substrate ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:1373–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Chandanamattha P, et al. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation episodes in Brugada syndrome by catheter ablation over the anterior right ventricular outflow tract epicardium. Circulation. 2011;123:1270–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Rahkovich M, Michowitz Y, et al. Management of Brugada syndrome: thirty-three-year experience using electrophysiologically guided therapy with class 1A antiarrhythmic drugs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:1393–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Viskin S, Fish R, et al. Effects of electrophysiologic-guided therapy with class IA antiarrhythmic drugs on the long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation with or without the Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:1301–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerakul G, Nademanee K. Brugada syndrome: two decades of progress. Circ J. 2012;76:2713–2722. Epub 2012 Nov 14. Review.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerakul G, Nademanee K. Treatment of electrical storms in Brugada syndrome. J Arrhythmia. 2013;29:117–124.
   Google Scholar
• Wilde AA, Postema PG, Di Diego JM, et al. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying Brugada syndrome: depolarization versus repolarization. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Oct;49(4):543–553. Epub 2010 Jul 24. PubMed PMID: 20659475; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2932806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:659–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haïssaguerre M, Extramiana F, Hocini M, et al. Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long- QT and Brugada syndromes. Circulation. 2003;108:925–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa E, Takagi M, Tatsumi H, et al. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation for electrical storm of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Circ J. 2008;72:1025–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talib AK, Takagi M, Shimane A, et al. Efficacy of endocardial ablation of drug-resistant ventricular fibrillation in Brugada syndrome: long-term outcome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11:e006675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher F, Jesel L, Jais P, et al. Insight into the mechanism of Brugada syndrome: epicardial substrate and modification during ajmaline testing. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:732–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappone C, Brugada J, Vicedomini G, et al. Electrical substrate elimination in 135 consecutive patients with Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10:null.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patocskai B, Yoon N, Antzelevitch C, et al. Mechanisms underlying epicardial radiofrequency ablation to suppress arrhythmogenesis in experimental models of Brugada syndrome. [cited 2017 May 1]. Available from: http://www.electrophysiology.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2016/12/12/j.jacep.2016.10.011
   Google Scholar
• Pappone C, Santinelli V. Brugada syndrome: progress in diagnosis and management. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2019;8(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Patel N, Van Houzen N, et al. Brugada-type electrocardio- graphic changes induced by fever. Circulation. 2013;127:2145–2146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nademanee K, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M, et al. Epicardial substrate ablation for Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2017;3:457–461.
   Google Scholar
• Nademanee K, Raju H, De Noronha S, et al. Fibrosis, connexin 43, and conduction abnormalities in the Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1976–1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salghetti F, de Asmundis C, Sieira J, et al. Hybrid thoracoscopic epicardial ablation of right ventricular outflow tract in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2019 Jun;16(6):879–887. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher MM, Forleo GB, Behr ER, et al. Prevalence and significance of Brugada-type ECG in 12,012 apparently healthy European subjects. Int J Cardiol. 2008;130:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makimoto H, Nakagawa E, Takaki H, et al. Augmented ST segment elevation during recovery from exercise predicts cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1576–1584. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauveau S, Le Vavasseur O, Chevalier P, et al. Delayed diagnosis of Brugada syndrome in a patient with aborted sudden cardiac death and initial negative flecainide challenge. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5:2022–2024. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller DI, Rougier J-S, Kucera JP, et al. Brugada syndrome and fever: genetic and molecular characterization of patients carrying SCN5A mutations. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;67:510–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bébarová M, Matejovic P, Pásek M, et al. Effect of ajmaline on transient outward current in rat ventricular myocytes. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2005;24:27–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpert C, Echternach C, Veltmann C, et al. Intravenous drug challenge using flecainide and ajmaline in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2005 Mar;2(3):254–260. PubMed PMID: 15851314; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC1474213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappone C, Ciconte G, Manguso F, et al. Assessing the malignant ventricular arrhythmic substrate in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Apr 17;71(15):1631–1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therasse D, Sacher F, Petit B, et al. Sodium-channel blocker challenge in the familial screening of Brugada syndrome: safety and predictors of positivity. Heart Rhythm. 2017 Oct;14(10):1442–1448. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbels B, De Cleen D, Ector J, et al. Ventricular arrhythmia during ajmaline challenge for the Brugada syndrome. EP Europace. 2016 Oct;18(10):1501–1506. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli S, Toniolo M, Maiani M, et al. Management of untreatable ventricular arrhythmias during pharmacologic challenges with sodium channel blockers for suspected Brugada syndrome. Europace. 2018;20:234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung FP, Raharjo SB, Lin YJ, et al. A novel method to enhance phenotype, epicardial functional substrates, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:508–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes GC, Fernandes A, Cardoso R, et al. Ablation strategies for the management of symptomatic Brugada syndrome: a systematic review. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:1140–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borne RT, Sauer WH, Zipse MM, et al. Longer duration versus increasing power during radiofrequency ablation yields different ablation lesion characteristics. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Jul;4(7):902–908.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauer WH, Tzou WS. With great power comes great responsibility: defining the safety of high-power short-duration atrial ablation circulation: arrhythmia and electrophysiology. CIRCEP. 2019;12:e007456.
   Google Scholar
• Gianni C, Natale A. Slow and steady doesn’t always win the race. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Jul;4(7):909–910.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar