Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: current trends and future directions

References

• Mahlknecht P, Limousin P, Foltynie T. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: update on recent discoveries and outlook on future developments. J Neurol. 2015;262(11):2583–2595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster O. Zur Analyse und Pathophysiologie der striären Bewegungsstörungen. Z Ges Neurol Psychiatry. 1921;73(1):1–169.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers R. Surgical experiments in the therapy of certain ‘extrapyramidal’ diseases: a current evaluation. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Suppl. 1951;67:1–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper IS. Ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for involuntary movements; parkinsonism. Psychiatr Q. 1953;27(2):317–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanieh A, Maloney AF. Localization of stereotaxic lesions in the treatment of Parkinsonism: a clinico-pathological comparison. J Neurosurg. 1969;31(4):393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper IS. Clinical results and follow-up studies in a personal series of 300 operations for parkinsonism. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1956;4(12):1171–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wycis HT, Spiegel EA. Parkinsonism with oculogyric crises; stimulation and partial elimination of periaqueductal grey and mesencephalic tegmentum (tegmentotomy). Confin Neurol. 1958;18(6):385–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomstedt P, Hariz MI. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders before DBS for movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(7):429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtereva NP, Hughes HK. Implanted electrodes: experimentation on humans? Am J Psychiatry. 1971;127(10):1422–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtereva NP, Bondartchuk AN, Smirnov VM, et al. Method of electrostimulation of the deep brain structures in treatment of some chronic diseases. Confin Neurol. 1975;37(1–3):136–140. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, et al. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50(1–6):344–346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benabid AL, Pollak P, Seigneuret E, et al. Chronic VIM thalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and extra-pyramidal dyskinesias. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1993;58:39–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 1989;12(10):366–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonyan K. Recent advances in understanding the role of the basal ganglia. F1000Res. 2019;8:122.
   Google Scholar
• Aquino CC, Fox SH. Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications. Mov Disord. 2015;30(1):80–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI. Leksell’s posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosurg. 1992;76(1):53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science. 1990;249(4975):1436–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz TZ, Peggs D, Agarwal E, et al. Subthalamic nucleotomy alleviates parkinsonism in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-exposed primate. Br J Neurosurg. 1992;6(6):575–582. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzouz A, Gross C, Féger J, et al. Reversal of rigidity and improvement in motor performance by subthalamic high-frequency stimulation in MPTP-treated monkeys. Eur J Neurosci. 1993;5(4):382–389. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent A, Hazrati LN. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995;20(1):128–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollak P, Benabid AL, Limousin P, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation alleviates akinesia and rigidity in parkinsonian patients. Adv Neurol. 1996;69:591–594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gross C, et al. Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62(1–4):76–84. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, et al. Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet. 1995;345(8942):91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P, et al. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(16):1105–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraix V, Pollak P, Van Blercom N, et al. Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000;55(12):1921–1923. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, et al. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1925–1934. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funkiewiez A, Ardouin C, Caputo E, et al. Long term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on cognitive function, mood, and behaviour in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(6):834–839. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamani C, Richter E, Schwalb JM, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of the clinical literature. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(6):1313–1321. discussion 1321-4. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):896–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord. 2006;21(Suppl 14):S290–S304. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Mitrofanis J, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(1):67–81. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thevathasan W, Debu B, Aziz T, et al. Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a clinical review. Mov Disord. 2018;33(1):10–20. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratwicke J, Zrinzo L, Kahan J, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of meynert for parkinson disease dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(2):169–178. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss D, Milosevic L, Gharabaghi A. Deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: is it about stimulation frequency? Parkinsonism Relat Disord.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastan N, Westby GWM, Yelnik J, et al. Effects of nigral stimulation on locomotion and postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 1):172–184. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(6):581–591. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schupbach WM, Maltete D, Houeto JL, et al. Neurosurgery at an earlier stage of Parkinson disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology. 2007;68(4):267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuepbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(7):610–622. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschl G, Schüpbach M, Knudsen K, et al. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus at an earlier disease stage of Parkinson’s disease: concept and standards of the EARLYSTIM-study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(1):56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuepbach WMM, Tonder L, Schnitzler A, et al. Quality of life predicts outcome of deep brain stimulation in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2019;92(10):e1109–e1120. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulski J, Schinwelski M, Konkel A, et al. The impact of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on sleep and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;64:138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu FT, Lang L-Q, Yang Y-J, et al. Predictors to quality of life improvements after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139(4):346–352. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau B, Meier N, Serra G, et al. Axial symptoms predict mortality in patients with Parkinson disease and subthalamic stimulation. Neurology. 2019;92(22):e2559–e2570. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defer GL, Widner H, Marié R.M, et al. Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson’s disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord. 1999;14(4):572–584. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre TA, Espay AJ, Marras C, et al. Subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation for early motor complications in Parkinson’s disease-the EARLYSTIM trial: early is not always better. Mov Disord. 2014;29(14):1751–1756. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spieles-Engemann AL, Steece-Collier K, Behbehani MM, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation increases brain derived neurotrophic factor in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. J Parkinsons Dis. 2011;1(1):123–136. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer DL, Sortwell CE. BDNF provides many routes toward STN DBS-mediated disease modification. Mov Disord. 2019;34(1):22–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Zamarbide I, Guridi J, et al. Efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease 4 years after surgery: double blind and open label evaluation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(10):1382–1385. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA, Lang AE, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 10):2240–2249. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagliati M, Martin C, Alterman R. Lack of motor symptoms progression in Parkinson’s disease patients with long-term bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Int J Neurosci. 2010;120(11):717–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilker R, Portman A.T, Voges J, et al. Disease progression continues in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease and effective subthalamic nucleus stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(9):1217–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musacchio T, Rebenstorff M, Fluri F, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is neuroprotective in the A53T alpha-synuclein Parkinson’s disease rat model. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(6):825–836. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmann J, Moro E, Pahwa R. Basic algorithms for the programming of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(Suppl 14):S284–S289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Favre J, et al. Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease: results of a randomized, blinded pilot study. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(6):1375–1382. discussion 1382-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre CC, Mori S, Sherman DL, et al. Electric field and stimulating influence generated by deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(3):589–595. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krack P, Fraix V, Mendes A, et al. Postoperative management of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2002;17(Suppl 3):S188–97. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miocinovic S, Khemani P, Whiddon R, et al. Outcomes, management, and potential mechanisms of interleaving deep brain stimulation settings. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(12):1434–1437. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodarg F, Herzog J, Reese R, et al. Stimulation site within the MRI-defined STN predicts postoperative motor outcome. Mov Disord. 2012;27(7):874–879. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram H, Sotiropoulos SN, Jbabdi S, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation sweet spots and hyperdirect cortical connectivity in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage. 2017;158:332–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann L, Jain R, Chen L, et al. Multiple-source current steering in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease (the VANTAGE study): a non-randomised, prospective, multicentre, open-label study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(7):693–701. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk KJ, Verhagen R, Bour LJ, et al. Avoiding internal capsule stimulation with a new eight-channel steering deep brain stimulation lead. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(6):553–561. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau C, Pennel‐Ployart O, Pinto S, et al. Modulation of dysarthropneumophonia by low-frequency STN DBS in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(4):659–663. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles T, Adams S, Abeyesekera A, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus parameter optimization for vowel acoustics and speech intelligibility in parkinson’s disease. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(3):510–524. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello A, Beber BC, Fagundes VC, et al. Dysphonia and dysarthria in people with parkinson’s disease after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: effect of frequency modulation. J Voice. 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripoliti E, Zrinzo L, Martinez-Torres I, et al. Effects of subthalamic stimulation on speech of consecutive patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011;76(1):80–86. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri M, Zibetti M, Ferrero G, et al. Is lowering stimulation frequency a feasible option for subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease patients with dysarthria? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;64:242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover T, Georgiev D, Kalliola R, et al. Effect of low versus high frequency subthalamic deep brain stimulation on speech intelligibility and verbal fluency in parkinson’s disease: a double-blind study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;9(1):141–151. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fasano A, Aquino CC, Krauss JK, et al. Axial disability and deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(2):98–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eusebio A, Chen CC, Lu CS, et al. Effects of low-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on movement in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2008;209(1):125–130. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidiropoulos C, Walsh R, Meaney C, et al. Low-frequency subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for axial symptoms in advanced Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2306–2311. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau C, Defebvre L, Destee A, et al. STN-DBS frequency effects on freezing of gait in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2008;71(2):80–84. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie T, Vigil J, MacCracken E, et al. Low-frequency stimulation of STN-DBS reduces aspiration and freezing of gait in patients with PD. Neurology. 2015;84(4):415–420. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich MM, Steigerwald F, Sawalhe A.D, et al. Short pulse width widens the therapeutic window of subthalamic neurostimulation. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2015;2(4):427–432. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouthour W, Wegrzyk J, Momjian S, et al. Short pulse width in subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind study. Mov Disord. 2018;33(1):169–173. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayal V, Grover T, Limousin P, et al. The effect of short pulse width settings on the therapeutic window in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(2):273–279. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moro E, Poon Y-YW, Lozano AM, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation: improvements in outcome with reprogramming. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(9):1266–1272. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dembek TA, Reker P, Visser-Vandewalle V, et al. Directional DBS increases side-effect thresholds-A prospective, double-blind trial. Mov Disord. 2017;32(10):1380–1388. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steigerwald F, Matthies C, Volkmann J. Directional deep brain stimulation. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(1):100–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollo C, Kaelin-Lang A, Oertel MF, et al. Directional deep brain stimulation: an intraoperative double-blind pilot study. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 7):2015–2026. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contarino MF, Bour LJ, Verhagen R, et al. Directional steering: a novel approach to deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 2014;83(13):1163–1169. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheshadri V, Rowland NC, Mehta J, et al. Comparison of general and local anesthesia for deep brain stimulator insertion: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2017;44(6):697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple KM, et al. Clinical outcomes following awake and asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(1):109–120. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky MA, Anderson S, Murchison C, et al. Clinical outcomes of asleep vs awake deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;89(19):1944–1950. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AL, Ali R, Connolly ID, et al. Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(7):687–691. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanski RB, Sani S. Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation surgery: technical considerations and critical review of the literature. Brain Sci. 2018;8(1):17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halim A, Baumgartner L, Binder DK. Effect of deep brain stimulation on autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(6):804–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finazzi-Agro E, PEPPE A, D’AMICO A, et al. Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on urodynamic findings in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Urol. 2003;169(4):1388–1391. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog J, Weiss PH, Assmus A, et al. Subthalamic stimulation modulates cortical control of urinary bladder in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 12):3366–3375. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnulf I, Bejjani BP, Garma L, et al. Improvement of sleep architecture in PD with subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1732–1734. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Paek SH, Kim J-Y, et al. Chronic subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves pain in Parkinson disease. J Neurol. 2008;255(12):1889–1894. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witjas T, Kaphan E, Régis J, et al. Effects of chronic subthalamic stimulation on nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1729–1734. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trachani E, Constantoyannis C, Sirrou V, et al. Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on sweating function in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(3):213–217. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zrinzo L, Foltynie T, Limousin P, et al. Reducing hemorrhagic complications in functional neurosurgery: a large case series and systematic literature review. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):84–94. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes S, Skogseid IM, Sæhle T, et al. Surgical site infections after deep brain stimulation surgery: frequency, characteristics and management in a 10-year period. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105288. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper J, Zrinzo L, Mirza B, et al. The risk of hardware infection in deep brain stimulation surgery is greater at impulse generator replacement than at the primary procedure. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91(1):56–65. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper J, Meliak L, Akram H, et al. Changing of the guard: reducing infection when replacing neural pacemakers. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(4):1165–1172. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishita T, Hilliard JD, Okun MS, et al. Postoperative lead migration in deep brain stimulation surgery: incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0183711. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(2):165. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piboolnurak P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, et al. Levodopa response in long-term bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(7):990–997. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer J, Gottuso AY, Nuno M, et al. The impact of STN deep brain stimulation on speech in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: the patient’s perspective. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(10):1065–1070. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro E. Let’s listen to patients with PD after deep brain stimulation. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):550–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schupbach M, Gargiulo M, Welter ML, et al. Neurosurgery in Parkinson disease: a distressed mind in a repaired body? Neurology. 2006;66(12):1811–1816. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houeto JL, Mesnage V, Mallet L, et al. Behavioural disorders, Parkinson’s disease and subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(6):701–707. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulisevsky J, Berthier ML, Gironell A, et al. Mania following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1421–1424. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, et al. A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 10):2720–2728. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyron D. Mental side effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders: the futility of denial. Front Integr Neurosci. 2016;10:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee L, Smith H, De La Cruz P, et al. The influence of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on impulsivity and prepulse inhibition in parkinson’s disease patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2015;93(4):265–270. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim H-J, et al. Impulse control and related behaviors after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(7):964–969. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SY, O’Sullivan SS, Kotschet K, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, impulse control disorders and punding after deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(9):1148–1152. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moum SJ, Price CC, Limotai N, et al. Effects of STN and GPi deep brain stimulation on impulse control disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29768. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amami P, Dekker I, Piacentini S, et al. Impulse control behaviours in patients with Parkinson’s disease after subthalamic deep brain stimulation: de novo cases and 3-year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(5):562–564. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merola A, Romagnolo A, Rizzi L, et al. Impulse control behaviors and subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. J Neurol. 2017;264(1):40–48. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosley PE, Marsh R. The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms after subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(Suppl 3):S42–80. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannier S, Montaurier C, Derost PP, et al. Overweight after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease: long term follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(5):484–488. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limousin P, Foltynie T. Long-term outcomes of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(4):234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zibetti M, Merola A, Rizzi L, et al. Beyond nine years of continuous subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(13):2327–2334. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeso JA, Olanow W. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: thinking about the long-term in the short-term. Mov Disord. 2011;26(13):2303–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giulio I, Kalliolia E, Georgiev D, et al. Chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation in parkinson’s disease: optimal frequency for gait depends on stimulation site and axial symptoms. Front Neurol. 2019;10:29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karachi C, Cormier-Dequaire F, Grabli D, et al. Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;62:91–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beudel M, Brown P. Adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;22(Suppl 1):S123–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond C, Bergman H, Brown P. Pathological synchronization in Parkinson’s disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30(7):357–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azodi-Avval R, Gharabaghi A. Phase-dependent modulation as a novel approach for therapeutic brain stimulation. Front Comput Neurosci. 2015;9:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann NC, de Hemptinne C, Thompson MC, et al. Adaptive deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease using motor cortex sensing. J Neural Eng. 2018;15(4):046006. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann NC, de Hemptinne C, Miocinovic S, et al. Chronic multisite brain recordings from a totally implantable bidirectional neural interface: experience in 5 patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(2):605–616. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamani C, Florence G, Heinsen H, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: basic concepts and novel perspectives. eNeuro. 2017;4(5):ENEURO.0140–17.2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P, Oliviero A, Mazzone P, et al. Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci. 2001;21(3):1033–1038. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D, Tijssen M, Vanv Get al. Dopamine-dependent changes in the functional connectivity between basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in humans. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 7):1558–1569. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlknecht P, Akram H, Georgiev D, et al. Pyramidal tract activation due to subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2017;32(8):1174–1182. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar