2,131
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The current state, challenges, and future directions of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder

, ORCID Icon, , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 829-842 | Received 13 Jun 2023, Accepted 24 Aug 2023, Published online: 07 Sep 2023

References

  • Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : dSM-5. Arlington: VA American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Ivarsson T, Skarphedinsson G, Kornør H, et al. The place of and evidence for serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents: views based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227(1):93–103. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.015
  • Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, et al. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15(1):53–63. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.94
  • Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, Versiani M. The descriptive epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):327–337. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.001
  • Mao L, Hu M, Luo L, et al. The effectiveness of exposure and response prevention combined with pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:973838. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.973838
  • Koran L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an update for the clinician. Focus. 2007;5(3):299–313. doi: 10.1176/foc.5.3.foc299
  • Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, et al. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(12):1094–1099. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006
  • Issari Y, Jakubovski E, Bartley CA, et al. Early onset of response with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(5):e605–11. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14r09758
  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: methodological issues, operational definitions and therapeutic lines. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):400–412. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.028
  • Gadot R, Najera R, Hirani S, et al. Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022;93(11):1166–1173. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328738
  • Kammen A, Cavaleri J, Lam J, et al. Neuromodulation of OCD: a review of invasive and non-invasive methods. Front Neurol. 2022;13:909264. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.909264
  • Karas PJ, Lee S, Jimenez-Shahed J, et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: evolution of surgical stimulation target parallels changing model of dysfunctional brain circuits. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:998. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00998
  • Rasmussen SA, Goodman WK. The prefrontal cortex and neurosurgical treatment for intractable OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47(1):349–360. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01149-5
  • Talairach J, Hecaen H, David M. Lobotomie préfrontale limitée par électrocoagulation des fibres thalamo-frontales à leur émergence du bras antérieur de la capsule interne. Rev Neurol. 1949;83:59.
  • Mustroph ML, Cosgrove GR, Williams ZM. The evolution of modern ablative surgery for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and major depression disorders. Front Integr Neurosci. 2022;16:797533. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2022.797533
  • Leksell L. The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand. 1951;102(4):316–319.
  • Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, et al. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50(1–6):344–346. doi: 10.1159/000100803
  • Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, et al. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 1999;354(9189):1526. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02376-4
  • Nuttin BJ, Gabriels L, van Kuyck K, et al. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbs of the internal capsules in patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: anecdotal reports. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;14(2):267–274. doi: 10.1016/S1042-3680(02)00117-1
  • Sturm V, Lenartz D, Koulousakis A, et al. The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive–compulsive- and anxiety-disorders. J Chem Neuroanat. 2003;26(4):293–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.09.003
  • Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, et al. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(11):2384–2393. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301165
  • Drug USF Humanitarian Device Exemption. 2009 [cited 2023 May 29]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfhde/hde.cfm?id=375533.
  • Greenberg BD, Gabriels LA, Malone DA, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15(1):64–79. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.55
  • Haber SN, Yendiki A, Jbabdi S. Four deep brain stimulation targets for obsessive-compulsive disorder: are They different? Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(10):667–677. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.031
  • Fontaine D, Mattei V, Borg M, et al. Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on obsessive—compulsive disorder in a patient with Parkinson disease: case report. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(6):1084–1086. doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.100.6.1084
  • Johnson KA, Fletcher PT, Servello D, et al. Image-based analysis and long-term clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: a multisite study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(10):1078–1090. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320379
  • Mallet L, Mesnage V, Houeto J-L, et al. Compulsions, Parkinson’s disease, and stimulation. Lancet. 2002;360(9342):1302–1304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11339-0
  • Mallet L, Schüpbach M, N’Diaye K, et al. Stimulation of subterritories of the subthalamic nucleus reveals its role in the integration of the emotional and motor aspects of behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(25):10661–10666. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610849104
  • Cannon E, Silburn P, Coyne T, O’Maley K, et al. Deep brain stimulation of anteromedial globus pallidus interna for severe Tourette’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(8):860–866.
  • Martinez-Fernandez R, Zrinzo L, Aviles‐Olmos I, et al. Deep brain stimulation for gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case series targeting subregions of the globus pallidus internus. Mov Disord. 2011;26(10):1922–1930. doi: 10.1002/mds.23734
  • Jimenez F, Velasco F, Salin-Pascual R, et al. Neuromodulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle for major depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 2):393–398.
  • Schlaepfer TE, Bewernick BH, Kayser S, et al. Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(12):1204–1212. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.034
  • Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Goll P, et al. The medial forebrain bundle as a target for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22(3):282–289. doi: 10.1017/S1092852916000286
  • Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li D, et al. Habenular stimulation for Neurosurgery resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:29. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00029
  • Zhang C, Kim S-G, Li D, et al. Habenula deep brain stimulation for refractory bipolar disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(5):1298–1300. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.05.010
  • Skandalakis GP, Koutsarnakis C, Kalyvas AV, et al. The habenula in neurosurgery for depression: a convergence of functional neuroanatomy, psychiatry and imaging. Brain Res. 2018;1694:13–18. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.041
  • Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3364. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16734-3
  • Li N, Hollunder B, Baldermann JC, et al. A unified functional network target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(10):701–713. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.006
  • Johnson KA, Duffley G, Anderson DN, et al. Structural connectivity predicts clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2020;143(8):2607–2623. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa188
  • Horn A, Kuhn AA. Lead-DBS: a toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations. Neuroimage. 2015;107:127–135. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002
  • Neudorfer C, Butenko K, Oxenford S, et al. Lead-DBS v3.0: mapping deep brain stimulation effects to local anatomy and global networks. Neuroimage. 2023;268:119862. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119862
  • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1986;9(1):357–381. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041
  • Shephard E, Batistuzzo MC, Hoexter MQ, et al. Neurocircuit models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: limitations and future directions for research. Braz J Psychiatry. 2022;44(2):187–200. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1709
  • Baldermann JC, Schüller T, Kohl S, et al. Connectomic deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(10):678–688. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.010
  • Shephard E, Stern ER, van den Heuvel OA, et al. Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(9):4583–4604. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-01007-8
  • Sheth SA, Mayberg HS. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023;46(1):341–358. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110122-110434
  • Tyagi H, Apergis-Schoute AM, Akram H, et al. A randomized trial directly comparing ventral capsule and anteromedial subthalamic nucleus stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and imaging evidence for dissociable effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85(9):726–734. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.017
  • Riva-Posse P, Choi KS, Holtzheimer PE, et al. A connectomic approach for subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation surgery: prospective targeting in treatment-resistant depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(4):843–849. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.59
  • Edlow BL, Mareyam A, Horn A, et al. 7 tesla MRI of the ex vivo human brain at 100 micron resolution. Sci Data. 2019;6(244). doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0254-8
  • Lozano AM, Lipsman N. Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation. Neuron. 2013;77(3):406–424. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.020
  • Sporns O, Tononi G, Kotter R. The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol. 2005;1(4):e42. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042
  • Hartmann CJ, Lujan JL, Chaturvedi A, et al. Tractography activation patterns in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suggest better clinical responses in OCD DBS. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:519. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00519
  • Liebrand LC, Caan MWA, Schuurman PR, et al. Individual white matter bundle trajectories are associated with deep brain stimulation response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(2):353–360. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.014
  • Baldermann JC, Melzer C, Zapf A, et al. Connectivity profile predictive of effective deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85(9):735–743. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.019
  • Gadot R, Li N, Shofty B, et al. Tractography-based modeling explains treatment outcomes in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.017.
  • Smith AH, Choi KS, Waters AC, et al. Replicable effects of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2021;14(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.016
  • van der Vlis T, Ackermans L, Mulders AEP, et al. Ventral capsule/ventral striatum stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: toward a unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation? Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2021;24(2):316–323. doi: 10.1111/ner.13339
  • Acevedo N, Bosanac P, Pikoos T, et al. Therapeutic neurostimulation in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2021;11(7):948. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070948
  • Vazquez-Bourgon J, Martino J, Sierra Peña M, et al. Deep brain stimulation and treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2019;12(1):37–51. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2017.05.015
  • Park YS, Sammartino F, Young NA, et al. Anatomic review of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum and the nucleus accumbens to guide target selection for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Neurosurg. 2019;126:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.254
  • Raviv N, Staudt MD, Rock AK, et al. A systematic review of deep brain stimulation targets for obsessive compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(6):1098–1110. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa249
  • Suetens K, Nuttin B, Gabriels L, et al. Differences in metabolic network modulation between capsulotomy and deep-brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(6):951–959. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.113.126409
  • Mantione M, Nieman DH, Figee M, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy augments the effects of deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44(16):3515–3522. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714000956
  • Huff W, Lenartz D, Schormann M, et al. Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: outcomes after one year. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2010;112(2):137–143. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.11.006
  • Denys D, Mantione M, Figee M, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(10):1061–1068. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.122
  • Torres Diaz CV, Treu S, Strange B, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, or internal capsule targets for medication-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter study. World Neurosurg. 2021;155:e168–e176. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.039
  • Mallet L, Polosan M, Jaafari N, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive–compulsive disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(20):2121–2134. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708514
  • Welter ML, Alves Dos Santos JF, Clair A-H, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic, accumbens, or caudate nuclei for patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized crossover controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(10):e45–e47. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.07.013
  • Xu J, Huang T, Dana A. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to improve symptoms and cognitive functions in patients with refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder: a longitudinal study. Neurol Sci. 2023;44(7):2385–2392. doi: 10.1007/s10072-023-06614-1
  • Mallet L, Du Montcel ST, Clair A-H, et al. Long-term effects of subthalamic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(4):1080–1082. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.04.004
  • Maarouf M, Neudorfer C, El Majdoub F, et al. Deep brain stimulation of medial dorsal and ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus in OCD: a retrospective case series. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160750. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160750
  • Dumont E. What is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis? Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(8):1289–1290. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.006
  • Islam L, Franzini A, Messina G, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and bed nucleus of stria terminalis for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case series. World Neurosurg. 2015;83(4):657–663. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.024
  • Luyck K, Bervoets C, Deblieck C, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: a symptom provocation study in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;151:252–260. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.031
  • Mosley PE, Windels F, Morris J, et al. A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):190. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01307-9
  • Luyten L, Hendrickx S, Raymaekers S, et al. Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(9):1272–1280. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.124
  • Philipson J, Naesstrom M, Johansson JD, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the ALIC-BNST region targeting the bed nucleus of stria terminalis in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder: effects on cognition after 12 months. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(5):1201–1214. doi: 10.1007/s00701-022-05351-2
  • Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Martin-Guehl C, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive—compulsive disorder and major depression: case report. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(4):682–686. doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.4.0682
  • Guehl D, Benazzouz A, Aouizerate B, et al. Neuronal correlates of obsessions in the caudate nucleus. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(6):557–562. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.023
  • Barcia JA, Avecillas-Chasín JM, Nombela C, et al. Personalized striatal targets for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(3):724–734. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.226
  • Fenoy AJ, Quevedo J, Soares JC. Deep brain stimulation of the “medial forebrain bundle”: a strategy to modulate the reward system and manage treatment-resistant depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):574–592. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01100-6
  • Fenoy AJ, Schulz PE, Selvaraj S. A longitudinal study on deep brain stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle for treatment-resistant depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(111). doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0160-4
  • Coenen VA, Bewernick BH, Kayser S, et al. Superolateral medial forebrain bundle deep brain stimulation in major depression: a gateway trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(7):1224–1232. doi: 10.1038/s41386-019-0369-9
  • Meyer DM, Spanier S, Kilian HM, et al. Efficacy of superolateral medial forebrain bundle deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2022;15(3):582–585. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.03.004
  • Coenen VA, Döbrössy MD, Teo SJ, et al. Diverging prefrontal cortex fiber connection routes to the subthalamic nucleus and the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum investigated with long range (normative) and short range (ex-vivo high resolution) 7T DTI. Brain Struct Funct. 2022;227(1):23–47. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02373-x
  • Coenen VA, Watakabe A, Skibbe H, et al. Tomographic tract tracing and data driven approaches to unravel complex 3D fiber anatomy of DBS relevant prefrontal projections to the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction in the marmoset. Brain Stimul. 2023;16(2):670–681. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.012
  • Coenen VA, Sajonz B, Reisert M, et al. Tractography-assisted deep brain stimulation of the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle (slMFB DBS) in major depression. NeuroImage Clin. 2018;20:580–593. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.020
  • Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Sajonz B, et al. Tractographic description of major subcortical projection pathways passing the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Corticopetal organization of networks relevant for psychiatric disorders. NeuroImage Clin. 2020;25:102165. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102165
  • Graat I, Mocking R, Figee M, et al. Long-term outcome of deep brain stimulation of the ventral part of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in a cohort of 50 patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(10):714–720. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.018
  • Jimenez F, Nicolini H, Lozano AM, et al. Electrical stimulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle in the treatment of major depression and obsessive compulsive disorders. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(3–4):S30 e17–25. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.07.010
  • Lee DJ, Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo P, et al. Inferior thalamic peduncle deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a phase 1 pilot trial. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(2):344–352. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.012
  • Velasco F, Velasco M, Jiménez F, et al. Neurobiological background for performing surgical intervention in the inferior thalamic peduncle for treatment of major depression disorders. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3):439–448. discussion 439-48. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000172172.51818.51
  • Jimenez-Ponce F, Velasco-Campos F, Castro-Farfán G, et al. Preliminary study in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with electrical stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(6):203–209. discussion 209. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000345938.39199.90
  • Germann J, Boutet A, Elias GJ, et al. Brain structures and networks underlying treatment response to deep brain stimulation targeting the inferior thalamic peduncle in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2022;100(4):236–243. doi: 10.1159/000523826
  • Patriat R, Cooper SE, Duchin Y, et al. Individualized tractography-based parcellation of the globus pallidus pars interna using 7T MRI in movement disorder patients prior to DBS surgery. Neuroimage. 2018;178:198–209. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.048
  • Nair G, Evans A, Bear RE, et al. The anteromedial GPi as a new target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(5):815–821. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.10.003
  • Azriel A, Farrand S, Di Biase M, et al. Tractography-guided deep brain stimulation of the anteromedial globus pallidus internus for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: case report. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(6):E558–E563. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz285
  • Wehmeyer L, Schüller T, Kiess J, et al. Target-specific effects of deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2021;12:769275. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.769275
  • Abraham ME, Ong V, Gendreau J, et al. Investigating deep brain stimulation of the habenula: a review of clinical studies. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2023;26(2):292–301. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.05.005
  • Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF. A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):228–238. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.228
  • Figee M. Connectomic deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder. [cited 2021 Dec 16]. NCT05160129 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05160129.
  • Lee A Cortical Stimulation To Treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. NCT04958096. [cited 2021 Jul 12]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04958096.
  • Dougherty D Combined cortical/subcortical recording and stimulation as a circuit-oriented treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. NCT03184454. [cited 2017 Jun 12] Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03184454.
  • Cohn JF, Jeni LA, Onal Ertugrul I, et al. Automated affect detection in deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study. Proc ACM Int Conf Multimodal Interact. 2018;2018:40–44.
  • Haq IU, Foote KD, Goodman WG, et al. Smile and laughter induction and intraoperative predictors of response to deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage. 2011;54(Suppl 1):S247–55. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.009
  • Okun MS, Mann G, Foote KD, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the internal capsule and nucleus accumbens region: responses observed during active and sham programming. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(3):310–314. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.095315
  • Provenza NR, Sheth SA, Dastin-van Rijn EM, et al. Long-term ecological assessment of intracranial electrophysiology synchronized to behavioral markers in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Med. 2021;27(12):2154–2164. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01550-z
  • Goodman W Development of Adaptive deep brain stimulation for OCD (Phase 1a). NCT03457675 2018 Mar 7.
  • Goodman W Phase II Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation For Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. NCT04806516 [cited 2021 Mar 19]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04806516.
  • Goodman W Development Of Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation For OCD (Phase Ib). NCT04281134 [cited 2020 Feb 24]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04281134.
  • Fridgeirsson EA, Bais MN, Eijsker N, et al. Patient specific intracranial neural signatures of obsessions and compulsions in the ventral striatum. J Neural Eng. 2023;20(2):026008. doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/acbee1
  • Sheth S OCD Biomarker Survey Employing sEEG and Stimulation: The OBSESS Trial (OBSESS). NCT05422469. [cited 2022 Jun 16]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05422469.
  • Pinckard-Dover H, Ward H, Foote KD. The decline of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder following FDA humanitarian device exemption approval. Front Surg. 2021;8:642503. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.642503
  • Visser-Vandewalle V, Andrade P, Mosley PE, et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a crisis of access. Nat Med. 2022;28(8):1529–1532. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01879-z
  • Vora AK, Ward H, Foote KD, et al. Rebound symptoms following battery depletion in the NIH OCD DBS cohort: clinical and reimbursement issues. Brain Stimul. 2012;5(4):599–604. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.10.004
  • Ooms P, Blankers M, Figee M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation versus treatment as usual for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2017;10(4):836–842. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.04.120
  • Weiss AP, Jenike MA. Late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. JNP. 2000;12(2):265–268. doi: 10.1176/jnp.12.2.265
  • Rossi PJ, Giordano J, Okun MS. The problem of funding off-label deep brain stimulation: bait-and-switch tactics and the need for policy reform. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(1):9–10. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.2530
  • Nuttin B, Gybels J, Cosyns P, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;14(2):xv–xvi. doi: 10.1016/S1042-3680(03)00007-X
  • Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Sturm V, et al. Long-term effects of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: evidence for sustained efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(9):1975–1985. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.44
  • Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Bardinet E, et al. Distinct striatal targets in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(4):775–779. doi: 10.3171/2009.2.JNS0881
  • Naesstrom M, Hariz M, Strömsten L, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis in obsessive-compulsive disorder—1-Year follow-up. World Neurosurg. 2021;149:e794–e802. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.097
  • Raymaekers S, Luyten L, Bervoets C, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a comparison of two targets and long-term follow-up. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7(10):e1251–e1251. doi: 10.1038/tp.2017.66
  • Winter L, Heitland I, Saryyeva A, et al. Acute effects of Electrical stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis/internal capsule in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Neurosurg. 2018;111:e471–e477. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.084
  • Winter L, Saryyeva A, Schwabe K, et al. Long-term deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: outcome and quality of life at four to eight years follow-up. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2021;24(2):324–330. doi: 10.1111/ner.13232
  • Akbarian-Tefaghi L, Akram H, Johansson J, et al. Refining the deep brain stimulation target within the limbic globus pallidus internus for Tourette syndrom. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2017;95(4):251–258. doi: 10.1159/000478273
  • Welter ML, Houeto J-L, Thobois S, et al. Anterior pallidal deep brain stimulation for Tourette’s syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(8):610–619. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6
  • Zinovia Kefalopoulou LZ, MarjanJahanshahi JC, Milabo C, et al. Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for severe Tourette’s syndrome: a double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(6):595–605. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00008-3
  • Zhang C, Lai Y, Zhang Y, et al. Deep brain stimulation-induced transient effects in the habenula. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:674962. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674962
  • Germann J, Mameli M, Elias GJB, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the habenula: systematic review of the literature and clinical trial registries. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:730931. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730931
  • Remore LG, Tolossa M, Wei W, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review focused on the long-term antidepressive effect. Neuromodulation. 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.03.011.
  • Davidson B, Giacobbe P, Mithani K, et al. Lack of clinical response to deep brain stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in depression. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(5):1268–1270. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.010
  • Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Meyer D, et al. Resolving dyskinesias at sustained anti-OCD efficacy by steering of DBS away from the anteromedial STN to the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum – case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(9):2303–2307. doi: 10.1007/s00701-022-05206-w