The sp³/sp² carbon ratio as a modulator of in vivo and in vitro toxicity of the chemically purified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond via the reactive oxygen species generation

References

• Cho, W. S., R. Duffin, C. A. Poland, S. E. Howie, W. MacNee, M. Bradley, I. L. Megson, and K. Donaldson. 2010. “Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Unique Inflammatory Footprints in the Lung: important Implications for Nanoparticle Testing.” Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (12): 1699–1706. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers, S., A. G. Oomen, E. A. Bleeker, R. J. Vandebriel, C. Micheletti, J. Cabellos, G. Janer, et al. 2016. “Towards a Nanospecific Approach for Risk Assessment.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP 80: 46–59. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, K., A. Schinwald, F. Murphy, W. S. Cho, R. Duffin, L. Tran, and C. Poland. 2013. “The Biologically Effective Dose in Inhalation Nanotoxicology.” Accounts of Chemical Research 46 (3): 723–732. doi:10.1021/ar300092y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffin, R., L. Tran, D. Brown, V. Stone, and K. Donaldson. 2007. “Proinflammogenic Effects of Low-Toxicity and Metal Nanoparticles in Vivo and in Vitro: Highlighting the Role of Particle Surface Area and Surface Reactivity.” Inhalation Toxicology 19 (10): 849–856. doi:10.1080/08958370701479323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, T., R. Sarkar, B. Pakhira, S. Ghosh, R. Sarkar, A. Barui, and S. Sarkar. 2015. “ROS Generation by Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Induced by Visible Light Showing Antibacterial Activity: comparison with Graphene Oxide (GO).” RSC Advances 5 (98): 80192–80195. doi:10.1039/C5RA14061G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio, Ivana, Giovanna Greco, Maura Tomatis, Julie Muller, Encarnacion Raymundo-Piñero, Françeois Béguin, Antonio Fonseca, Janos B. Nagy, Dominique Lison, and Bice Fubini, 2008. “Structural Defects Play a Major Role in the Acute Lung Toxicity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Physicochemical Aspects.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (9): 1690–1697. doi:10.1021/tx800100s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio, I., M. Tomatis, D. Lison, J. Muller, A. Fonseca, J. B. Nagy, and B. Fubini. 2006. “Reactivity of Carbon Nanotubes: free Radical Generation or Scavenging Activity?” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 40 (7): 1227–1233. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly, K., S. Upadhyay, M. Irmler, S. Takenaka, K. Pukelsheim, J. Beckers, E. Hamelmann, H. Schulz, and T. Stoeger. 2009. “Pathway Focused Protein Profiling Indicates Differential Function for IL-1B, -18 and VEGF during Initiation and Resolution of Lung Inflammation Evoked by Carbon Nanoparticle Exposure in Mice.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 6: 31doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, C., Y. Li, J.-J. Yin, Y. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, and C. Chen. 2012. “The Contributions of Metal Impurities and Tube Structure to the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotube Materials.” NPG Asia Materials 4 (12): e32–e32. doi:10.1038/am.2012.60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Y., D. K. Lee, S. H. Kim, S. Lee, S. Jeon, and W. S. Cho. 2018. “High Inflammogenic Potential of Rare Earth Oxide Nanoparticles: The New Hazardous Entity.” Nanotoxicology 12 (7): 712–728. doi:10.1080/17435390.2018.1472311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, D. 2010. Nanodiamonds: Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, S. P., S. W. Ha, and S. W. Lee. 2018. “Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Purification of Detonation-Synthesized Nanodiamond by Using Perchloric Acid: Intensive Parametric Study to Control sp3/sp2 carbon Ratio.” Diamond and Related Materials 81: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2017.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, S. P., T. H. Kim, and S. W. Lee. 2017. “Plasma-Assisted Purification of Nanodiamonds and Their Application for Direct Writing of a High Purity Nanodiamond Pattern.” Carbon 116: 640–647. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpeta-Kaczmarek, J., M. Dziewięcka, M. Augustyniak, M. Rost-Roszkowska, and M. Pawlyta. 2016. “Oxidative Stress and Genotoxic Effects of Diamond Nanoparticles.” Environmental Research 148: 264–272. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., S. V. Chankeshwara, F. Thielbeer, J. Jeong, K. Donaldson, M. Bradley, and W. S. Cho. 2015. “Surface Charge Determines the Lung Inflammogenicity: A Study with Polystyrene Nanoparticles.” Nanotoxicology 10: 1–101. doi:10.3109/17435390.2015.1022887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, C. S. 2012. Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., P. Ann Lin, A. Xue, B. Hao, Y. Khin Yap, and R. M. Sankaran. 2013. “Formation of Nanodiamonds at near-Ambient Conditions via Microplasma Dissociation of Ethanol Vapour.” Nature Communications 4 (1): 2618. doi:10.1038/ncomms3618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. K., S. Jeon, Y. Han, S. H. Kim, S. Lee, I. J. Yu, K. S. Song, et al. 2018. “Threshold Rigidity Values for the Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of High-Aspect-Ratio Carbon Nanotubes in a Mouse Pleural Inflammation Model.” ACS Nano 12 (11): 10867–10879. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b03604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, S., R. Duffin, C. Poland, P. Daly, F. Murphy, E. Drost, W. Macnee, V. Stone, and K. Donaldson. 2009. “Efficacy of Simple Short-Term in Vitro Assays for Predicting the Potential of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Cause Pulmonary Inflammation.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (2): 241–247. doi:10.1289/ehp.11811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochalin, V. N., O. Shenderova, D. Ho, and Y. Gogotsi. 2011. “The Properties and Applications of Nanodiamonds.” Nature Nanotechnology 7 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modrzynska, J., T. Berthing, G. Ravn-Haren, N. R. Jacobsen, I. K. Weydahl, K. Loeschner, A. Mortensen, A. T. Saber, and U. Vogel. 2018. “Primary Genotoxicity in the Liver following Pulmonary Exposure to Carbon Black Nanoparticles in Mice.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 15 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s12989-017-0238-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto, Y., M. Horie, N. Kobayashi, N. Shinohara, and M. Shimada. 2013. “Inhalation Toxicity Assessment of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles.” Accounts of Chemical Research 46 (3): 770–781. doi:10.1021/ar200311b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nymark, P., K. A. Jensen, S. Suhonen, Y. Kembouche, M. Vippola, J. Kleinjans, J. Catalán, H. Norppa, J. van Delft, and J. J. Briedé. 2014. “Free Radical Scavenging and Formation by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Cell Free Conditions and in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11: 4. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-11-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osswald, S., G. Yushin, V. Mochalin, S. O. Kucheyev, and Y. Gogotsi. 2006. “Control of sp2/sp3 Carbon Ratio and Surface Chemistry of Nanodiamond Powders by Selective Oxidation in Air.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (35): 11635–11642. doi:10.1021/ja063303n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelin, M., L. Fusco, C. Martín, S. Sosa, J. Frontiñán-Rubio, J. M. González-Domínguez, M. Durán-Prado, E. Vázquez, M. Prato, and A. Tubaro. 2018. “Graphene and Graphene Oxide Induce ROS Production in Human HaCaT Skin Keratinocytes: The Role of Xanthine Oxidase and NADH Dehydrogenase.” Nanoscale 10 (25): 11820–11830. doi:10.1039/c8nr02933d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichot, V., M. Comet, E. Fousson, C. Baras, A. Senger, F. Le Normand, and D. Spitzer. 2008. “An Efficient Purification Method for Detonation Nanodiamonds.” Diamond and Related Materials 17 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.09.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prawer, S., K. W. Nugent, D. N. Jamieson, J. O. Orwa, L. A. Bursill, and J. L. Peng. 2000. “The Raman Spectrum of Nanocrystalline Diamond.” Chemical Physics Letters 332 (1-2): 93–97. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(00)01236-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzyn, T., B. Rasulev, A. Gajewicz, X. Hu, T. P. Dasari, A. Michalkova, H.-M. Hwang, A. Toropov, D. Leszczynska, and J. Leszczynski. 2011. “Using nano-QSAR to Predict the Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles.” Nature Nanotechnology 6 (3): 175–178. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. R., R. R. Mercer, A. B. Stefaniak, M. S. Seehra, U. K. Geddam, I. S. Chaudhuri, A. Kyrlidis, et al. 2015. “Evaluation of Pulmonary and Systemic Toxicity following Lung Exposure to Graphite Nanoplates: A Member of the Graphene-Based Nanomaterial Family.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 13 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0145-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushton, E. K., J. Jiang, S. S. Leonard, S. Eberly, V. Castranova, P. Biswas, A. Elder, et al. 2010. “Concept of Assessing Nanoparticle Hazards considering Nanoparticle Dosemetric and Chemical/Biological Response Metrics.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 73 (5): 445–461. doi:10.1080/15287390903489422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinwald, A., F. A. Murphy, A. Jones, W. MacNee, and K. Donaldson. 2012a. “Graphene-Based Nanoplatelets: A New Risk to the Respiratory System as a Consequence of Their Unusual Aerodynamic Properties.” ACS Nano 6 (1): 736–746. doi:10.1021/nn204229f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinwald, A., F. A. Murphy, A. Prina-Mello, C. A. Poland, F. Byrne, D. Movia, J. R. Glass, et al. 2012b. “The Threshold Length for Fiber-Induced Acute Pleural Inflammation: shedding Light on the Early Events in Asbestos-Induced Mesothelioma.” Toxicological Sciences 128 (2): 461–470. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrand, A. M., S. A. C. Hens, and O. A. Shenderova. 2009. “Nanodiamond Particles: Properties and Perspectives for Bioapplications.” Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 34 (1-2): 18–74. doi:10.1080/10408430902831987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, W., Q. Wang, Y. Long, Z. Cheng, S. Chen, H. Zheng, and Y. Huang. 2011. “Carbon Nanodots as Peroxidase Mimetics and Their Applications to Glucose Detection.” Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England) 47 (23): 6695–6697. doi:10.1039/c1cc11943e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Y., X. Wang, C. Zhao, K. Qu, J. Ren, and X. Qu. 2010. “Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism by Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Intrinsic Peroxidase-Like Activity.” Chemistry - A European Journal 16 (12): 3617–3621. doi:10.1002/chem.200902643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkov, K. V., V. V. Danilenko, and V. I. Elin. 1990. “Synthesis of Diamond from the Carbon in the Detonation Products of Explosives.” Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 26 (3): 366–368. doi:10.1007/BF00751383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H.-H., H.-H. Deng, X.-Q. Lin, Y.-Y. Wu, X.-L. Lin, H.-P. Peng, A.-L. Liu, X.-H. Xia, and W. Chen. 2017. “Colorimetric Glutathione Assay Based on the Peroxidase-like Activity of a Nanocomposite Consisting of Platinum Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide.” Microchimica Acta 184 (10): 3945–3951. doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2429-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, G.-W., J.-B. Wang, and Q.-X. Liu. 1998. “Preparation of Nano-Crystalline Diamonds Using Pulsed Laser Induced Reactive Quenching.” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 10 (35): 7923–7927. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/10/35/024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., W. Zhang, Y. Fedutik, Z. Mao, and C. Gao. 2019. “Nanodiamonds of Different Surface Chemistry Influence the Toxicity and Differentiation of Rat Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro.” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19 (9): 5426–5434. doi:10.1166/jnn.2019.16545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar