In vivo impact assessment of orally administered polystyrene nanoplastics: biodistribution, toxicity, and inflammatory response in mice

References

• Andrady, A. L. 2017. “The Plastic in Microplastics: A Review.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 119 (1): 12–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissell, D. M., G. J. Gores, D. L. Laskin, and J. H. Hoofnagle. 2001. “Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Test Systems.” Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 33 (4): 1009–1013. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.23505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. A., T. Galloway, and R. Thompson. 2007. “Microplastic-an Emerging Contaminant of Potential Concern?” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 3 (4): 559–561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630030412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinink, A., J. Wang, and P. Wick. 2015. “Effect of Particle Agglomeration in Nanotoxicology.” Archives of Toxicology 89 (5): 659–675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1460-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, K. D., G. A. Covernton, H. L. Davies, J. F. Dower, F. Juanes, and S. E. Dudas. 2019. “Human Consumption of Microplastics.” Environmental Science & Technology 53 (12): 7068–7074. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Y., Y. Zhang, B. Lemos, and H. Ren. 2017. “Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure.” Scientific Reports 7: 46687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Y., Y. Zhang, R. Qiao, M. M. Bonilla, X. Yang, H. Ren, and B. Lemos. 2018. “Evidence That Microplastics Aggravate the Toxicity of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Mice (Mus musculus).” Journal of Hazardous Materials 357: 348–354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2016. “Presence of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food, with Particular Focus on Seafood.” EFSA Journal 14: e04501. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo, K., B. I. Yoon, C. Pairojkul, A. J. Demetris, and A. E. Sirica. 2002. “ERBB-2 Overexpression and Cyclooxygenase-2 Up-regulation in Human Cholangiocarcinoma and Risk Conditions.” Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 36 (2): 439–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.34435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eo, S., S. H. Hong, Y. K. Song, J. S. Lee, J. M. Lee, and W. J. Shim. 2018. “Abundance, Composition, and Distribution of Microplastics Larger than 20 μm in Sand Beaches of South Korea.” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 238: 894–902. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrela, F. N., A. T. B. Guimaraes, A. P. C. Araujo, F. G. Silva, T. M. Luz, A. M. Silva, P. S. Pereira, and G. Malafaia. 2021. “Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Zinc Oxide to Mice.” Chemosphere 271: 129476. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer, I. R., S. J. Hardy, A. R. Humpage, S. M. Froscio, G. J. Tozer, and P. R. Hawkins. 1999. “Hepatic and Renal Toxicity of the Blue-Green Alga (Cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Male Swiss Albino Mice.” Environmental Toxicology 14 (1): 143–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<143::AID-TOX18>3.0.CO;2-H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flecknell, P. 2015. Laboratory Animal Anesthesia. 4th ed. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fossi, M. C., T. Romeo, M. Baini, C. Panti, L. Marsili, T. Campani, S. Canese, et al. 2017. “Plastic Debris Occurrence, Convergence Areas and Fin Whales Feeding Ground in the Mediterranean Marine Protected Area Pelagos Sanctuary: A Modeling Approach.” Frontiers in Marine Science 4: 167. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini, E., F. Botta, A. Fasoli, P. Ceppa, D. Risso, P. B. Lantieri, G. Celle, and R. Testa. 1999. “Progressive Liver Functional Impairment is Associated with an Increase in AST/ALT Ratio.” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 44 (6): 1249–1253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026609231094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigault, J., B. Pedrono, B. Maxit, and A. T. Halle. 2016. “Marine Plastic Litter: The Unanalyzed Nano-Fraction.” Environmental Science: Nano 3 (2): 346–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EN00008H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Acedo, A., E. Garcia-Recio, R. Illescas-Montes, J. Ramos-Torrecillas, L. Melguizo-Rodriguez, and V. J. Costela-Ruiz. 2021. “Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Potential Health Repercussions of Micro- and Nanoplastics.” Chemosphere 280: 130826. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemish, J., N. Nakaya, V. Mittal, and G. Enikolopov. 2003. “Nitric Oxide Activates Diverse Signaling Pathways to Regulate Gene Expression.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (43): 42321–42329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M308192200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiguchi, H., E. Oguma, F. Kayama, M. Sato, and M. Fukushima. 2001. “Dexamethasone Prevents Acute Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury but Exacerbates Kidney Dysfunction in Rabbits.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 174 (3): 225–234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, B., F. Wang, T. Liu, and Z. Wang. 2021. “Reproductive Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastics: In Vivo Experimental Study on Testicular Toxicity in Mice.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 405: 124028. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, F. Y., A. O. O. Chan, R. C. L. Lo, A. Rashid, D. K. H. Wong, C. H. Cho, C. L. Lai, and M. F. Yuen. 2013. “Characterization of Interleukin-1β in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Inflammation and DNA Methylation in Interleukin-1 Receptor Type 1 Knockout (IL-1R1(-/-)) Mice.” European Journal of Cancer 49 (12): 2760–2770. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.03.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal, M., N. F. LaRusso, L. J. Burgart, and G. J. Gores. 2000. “Inflammatory Cytokines Induce DNA Damage and Inhibit DNA Repair in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by a Nitric Oxide Dependent Mechanism.” Cancer Research 60: 184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y., L. Lu, W. Tu, T. Luo, and Z. Fu. 2019. “Impacts of Polystyrene Microplastic on the Gut Barrier, Microbiota and Metabolism of Mice.” Science of the Total Environment 649: 308–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, J. H. 2003. “Antioxidant and Prooxidant Mechanisms in the Regulation of Redox(y)-Sensitive Transcription Factors.” Cellular Signalling 14 (11): 879–897. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00053-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. E., Y. J. Choi, S. J. Lee, J. E. Gong, Y. J. Lee, J. E. Sung, Y. S. Jung, H. S. Lee, T. Hong, and D. Y. Hwang. 2021. “Antioxidant Activity and Laxative Effects of Tannin-enriched Extract of Ecklonia cava in Loperamide-induced Constipation of SD Rats.” PLoS One 16 (2): e0246363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiner, D. E., E. M. Brunt, M. Van Natta, C. Behling, M. J. Contos, O. W. Cummings, L. D. Ferrell, et al. 2005. “Design and Validation of a Histological Scoring System for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 41 (6): 1313–1321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, K. L., and R. C. Thompson. 2014. “ Oceans. Microplastics in the Seas.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 345 (6193): 144–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehner, R., C. Weder, A. Petri-Fink, and B. Rothen-Rutishauser. 2019. “Emergence of Nanoplastic in the Environment and Possible Impact on Human Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 53 (4): 1748–1765. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R. W., R. Billington, E. Debryune, A. Gamer, B. Lang, and F. Carpanini. 2002. “Recognition of Adverse and Nonadverse Effects in Toxicity Studies.” Toxicologic Pathology 30 (1): 66–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230252824725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, B., Y. Ding, X. Cheng, D. Sheng, Z. Xu, Q. Rong, Y. Wu, H. Zhao, X. Ji, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Polyethylene Microplastics Affect the Distribution of Gut Microbiota and Inflammation Development in Mice.” Chemosphere 244: 125492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., M. Shi, Y. Wang, Y. Xiao, D. Cai, and F. Xiao. 2021. “Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway Up-regulation via Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigates Polystyrene Microplastics Induced-hepatotoxic Effects.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 402: 123933. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, X. Z. 2021. “Microplastics Are Everywhere – But Are They Harmful??” Nature 593 (7857): 22–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01143-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak, K. J., and T. D. Schmittgen. 2001. “Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-time Quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.” Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 25 (4): 402–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L.,. Z. Wan, T. Luo, Z. Fu, and Y. Jin. 2018. “Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Mice.” The Science of the Total Environment 631–632: 449–458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, T., Y. Zhang, C. Wang, X. Wang, J. Zhou, M. Shen, Y. Zhao, Z. Fu, and Y. Jin. 2019. “Maternal Exposure to Different Sizes of Polystyrene Microplastics during Gestation Causes Metabolic Disorders in Their Offspring.” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 255 *(Pt 1): 113122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lusher, A. L., P. C. H. Hollman, and J. J. Mendoza-Hill. 2017. Microplastic in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Italy: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 615.*
   Google Scholar
• Lv, L., X. Yan, L. Feng, S. Jiang, Z. Lu, H. Xie, S. Sun, J. Chen, and C. Li. 2021. “Challenge for the Detection of Microplastics in the Environment.” Water Environment Research 93 (1): 5–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margină, Denisa, Anca Ungurianu, Carmen Purdel, Dimitris Tsoukalas, Evangelia Sarandi, Maria Thanasoula, Fotios Tekos, Robin Mesnage, Demetrios Kouretas, and Aristidis Tsatsakis. 2020. “Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (11): 4135. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, B., B. Yano, R. S. Sellers, R. Perry, D. Morton, N. Roome, J. K. Johnson, K. Schafer, and S. Pitsch. 2007. “Evaluation of Organ Weights for Rodent and Non-Rodent Toxicity Studies: A Review of Regulatory Guidelines and a Survey of Current Practices.” Toxicologic Pathology 35 (5): 742–750. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701595292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintenig, S. M., P. S. Bäuerlein, A. A. Koelmans, S. C. Dekker, and A. P. Wezel. 2018. “Closing the Gap between Small and Smaller: Towards a Framework to Analyse Nano- and Microplastics in Aqueous Environmental Samples.” Environmental Science: Nano 5 (7): 1640–1649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00186C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizzetto, L., G. Bussi, M. N. Futter, D. Butterfield, and P. G. Whitehead. 2016. “A Theoretical Assessment of Microplastic Transport in River Catchments and Their Retention by Soils and River Sediments.” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18 (8): 1050–1059. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00206D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. W., S. J. Lee, D. Y. Hwang, and S. B. Seo. 2020. “Recent Purification Technologies and Human Health Risk Assessment of Microplastics.” Materials 13 (22): 5196. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. W., S. J. Lee, D. Y. Hwang, and S. B. Seo. 2021. “Removal of Microplastics via Tannic Acid-Mediated Coagulation and In Vitro Impact Assessment.” RSC Advances 11 (6): 3556–3566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09645H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirsaheb, M., H. Hossini, and P. Makhdoumi. 2020. “Review of Microplastic Occurrence and Toxicological Effects in Marine Environment: Experimental Evidence of Inflammation.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection 142: 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.05.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revel, M., A. Châtel, and C. Mouneyrac. 2018. “Micro(Nano)Plastics: A Threat to Human Health?” Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 1: 17–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.003.
   Google Scholar
• Rubio, L., R. Marcos, and A. Hernandez. 2020. “Potential Adverse Health Effects of Ingested Micro- and Nanoplastics on Humans. Lessons Learned from In Vivo and In Vitro Mammalian Models.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 23 (2): 51–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2019.1700598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sá, L. C., M. Oliveira, F. Ribeiro, T. L. Rocha, and M. N. Futter. 2018. “Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do we Know and Where Should we Focus Our Efforts in the Future?” The Science of the Total Environment 645: 1029–1039. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. 2019. A Scientific Perspective on Microplastics in Nature and Society. 1st ed. Berlin: SAPEA. https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/.
   Google Scholar
• Sheth, S. G., S. L. Flamm, F. D. Gordon, and S. Chopra. 1998. “AST/ALT Ratio Predicts Cirrhosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection.” American Journal of Gastroenterology 93 (1): 44–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.044_c.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siriarchavatana, P., J. D. Ayers, and L. V. Kendall. 2016. “Anesthetic Activity of Alfaxalone Compared with Ketamine in Mice.” Journal of American Association Laboratory Animal Science 55: 426–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock, Valerie, Linda Böhmert, Elisa Lisicki, Rafael Block, Julia Cara-Carmona, Laura Kim Pack, Regina Selb, et al. 2019. “Uptake and Effects of Orally Ingested Polystyrene Microplastic Particles In Vitro and In Vivo.” Archives of Toxicology 93 (7): 1817–1833. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02478-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thushari, G. C. N., and J. D. M. Senevirathna. 2020. “Plastic Pollution in the Marine Environment.” Heliyon 6 (8): e04709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden Berghe, W., S. Plaisance, E. Boone, K. De Bosscher, M. L. Schmitz, W. Fiers, and G. Haegeman. 1998. “p38 and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathways are Required for Nuclear Factor-KappaB p65 Transactivation Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 (6): 3285–3290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.6.3285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walczak, A. P., P. J. Hendriksen, R. A. Woutersen, M. van der Zande, A. K. Undas, R. Helsdingen, H. H. van den Berg, I. M. Rietjens, and H. Bouwmeester. 2015. “Bioavailability and Biodistribution of Differently Charged Polystyrene Nanoparticles upon Oral Exposure in Rats.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research : An Interdisciplinary Forum for Nanoscale Science and Technology 17 (5): 231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3029-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. L., Y. H. Lee, Y. H. Hsu, I. J. Chiu, C. C. Y. Huang, C. C. Huang, Z. C. Chia, C. P. Lee, Y. F. Lin, and H. W. Chiu. 2021. “The Kidney-Related Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells HK-2 and Male C57BL/6 Mice.” Environmental Health Perspectives 129 (5): 57003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, K. A., R. Eriksen, C. Wilcox, and B. D. Hardesty. 2017. “Microplastic Distribution at Different Sediment Depths in an Urban Estuary.” Frontiers in Marine Science 4: 419. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, D., Y. Ma, X. Han, and Y. Chen. 2021. “Systematic Toxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Mice and Molecular Mechanism Investigation about their Internalization into Caco-2 Cells.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 417: 126092. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. F., C. Y. Chen, T. H. Lu, and C. M. Liao. 2019. “ Toxicity-based Toxicokinetic/Toxicodynamic Assessment for Bioaccumulation of Polystyrene Microplastics in Mice.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 366: 703–713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, C. Q. Y., S. Yaliyveettil, and B. Tang. 2020. “Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems.” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health 5: 1509. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051509.
   Google Scholar