Dependence of diamond nanoparticle cytotoxicity on physicochemical parameters: comparative studies of glioblastoma, breast cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines

References

• Adach, K., M. Fijalkowski, G. Gajek, J. Skolimowski, R. Kontek, and A. Blaszczyk. 2016. “Studies on the Cytotoxicity of Diamond Nanoparticles against Human Cancer Cells and Lymphocytes.” Chemico-Biological Interactions 254: 156–166. doi:10.1016/J.CBI.2016.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afandi, A., A. Howkins, I. W. Boyd, and R. B. Jackman. 2018. “Nanodiamonds for Device Applications: An Investigation of the Properties of Boron-Doped Detonation Nanodiamonds.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21670-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari, S. A., R. Satar, M. A. Jafri, M. Rasool, W. Ahmad, and S. Kashif Zaidi. 2016. “Role of Nanodiamonds in Drug Delivery and Stem Cell Therapy.” Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 14 (3): 130–141. doi:10.15171/ijb.1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baidakova, M. V., Y. A. Kukushkina, A. A. Sitnikova, M. A. Yagovkina, D. A. Kirilenko, V. V. Sokolov, M. S. Shestakov, et al. 2013. “Structure of Nanodiamonds Prepared by Laser Synthesis.” Physics of the Solid State 55 (8): 1747–1753. doi:10.1134/S1063783413080027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barhoum, A., M. L. García-Betancourt, J. Jeevanandam, E. A. Hussien, S. A. Mekkawy, M. Mostafa, M. M. Omran, et al. 2022. “Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations.” Nanomaterials 12 (2): 177. doi:10.3390/nano12020177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar, H. K., J. Jose, Z. Wu, and M. Sharma. 2022. “Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Glioblastoma Multiforme : Challenges and Opportunities for Drug Delivery.” Pharmaceutics 15 (1): 59. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, S. K., S. P. Brothers, and C. Wahlestedt. 2014. “Emerging Treatment Strategies for Glioblastoma Multiforme.” EMBO Molecular Medicine 6 (11): 1359–1370. doi:10.15252/emmm.201302627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, B.-M., L. Pan, H.-H. Lin, and H.-C. Chang. 2019. “Nanodiamond-Supported Silver Nanoparticles as Potent and Safe Antibacterial Agents.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 13164. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49675-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, K. L., and G. D. Bothun. 2014. “Nanoparticles Meet Cell Membranes: Probing Nonspecific Interactions Using Model Membranes.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (2): 873–880. doi:10.1021/es403864v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T. M., X. M. Tian, L. Huang, J. Xiao, and G. W. Yang. 2017. “Nanodiamonds as pH-Switchable Oxidation and Reduction Catalysts with Enzyme-like Activities for Immunoassay and Antioxidant Applications.” Nanoscale 9 (40): 15673–15684. doi:10.1039/c7nr05629j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, E. K., X.-Q. Zhang, M. Chen, R. Lam, E. Robinson, H. Huang, D. Schaffer, et al. 2011. “Nanodiamond Therapeutic Delivery Agents Mediate Enhanced Chemoresistant Tumor Treatment.” Science Translational Medicine 3 (73) doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniluk, K., M. Kutwin, M. Grodzik, M. Wierzbicki, B. Strojny, J. Szczepaniak, J. Bałaban, et al. 2019. “Use of Selected Carbon Nanoparticles as Melittin Carriers for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells.” Materials 13 (1): 90. doi:10.3390/ma13010090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworak, N., M. Wnuk, J. Zebrowski, G. Bartosz, and A. Lewinska. 2014. “Genotoxic and Mutagenic Activity of Diamond Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in Vitro.” Carbon 68: 763–776. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymova, M. A., E. V. Kuligina, and V. A. Richter. 2021. “Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (12): 6385. doi:10.3390/ijms22126385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faklaris, O., V. Joshi, T. Irinopoulou, P. Tauc, M. Sennour, H. Girard, C. Gesset, et al. 2009. “Photoluminescent Diamond Nanoparticles for Cell Labeling: Study of the Uptake Mechanism in Mammalian Cells.” ACS Nano 3 (12): 3955–3962. doi:10.1021/nn901014j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, S., N. Wöhrl, S. Schulz, and V. Buck. 2016. “Simultaneous Synthesis of Nanodiamonds and Graphene via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MW PE-CVD) on Copper.” SpringerPlus 5 (1): 568. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2201-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinzmann, M., S. Jaworski, M. Kutwin, J. Jagiełło, R. Koziński, M. Wierzbicki, M. Grodzik, et al. 2014. “Nanoparticles Containing Allotropes of Carbon Have Genotoxic Effects on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 9 (1): 2409–2417. doi:10.2147/IJN.S62497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horie, M., L. K. Komaba, H. Kato, A. Nakamura, K. Yamamoto, S. Endoh, K. Fujita, et al. 2012. “Evaluation of Cellular Influences Induced by Stable Nanodiamond Dispersion; the Cellular Influences of Nanodiamond Are Small.” Diamond and Related Materials 24: 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2012.01.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, M., Y. Xue, M. Ostermann, A. Sauter, D. Steinmueller-Nethl, S. Schweeberg, A. Krueger, et al. 2018. “In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of Nanodiamond Particles and Their Osteogenic Potential.” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 106 (6): 1697–1707. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indo, H. P., H.-C. Yen, I. Nakanishi, K.-I. Matsumoto, M. Tamura, Y. Nagano, H. Matsui, et al. 2015. “A Mitochondrial Superoxide Theory for Oxidative Stress Diseases and Aging.” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 56 (1): 1–7. doi:10.3164/jcbn.14-42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, M., A. Mishra, V. Yadav, H. Shyam, S. Kumar, S. K. Mishra, and P. Ramakant. 2023. “Long-Term Yogic Intervention Decreases Serum Interleukins IL-10 and IL-1β and Improves Cancer-Related Fatigue and Functional Scale during Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Control Study.” Supportive Care in Cancer 31 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07487-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeevanandam, J., A. Barhoum, Y. S. Chan, A. Dufresne, and M. K. Danquah. 2018. “Review on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials: History, Sources, Toxicity and Regulations.” Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (1): 1050–1074. doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, W., B. Y. S. Kim, J. T. Rutka, and W. C. W. Chan. 2008. “Nanoparticle-Mediated Cellular Response is Size-Dependent.” Nature Nanotechnology 3 (3): 145–150. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaluç, N., and P. B. Thomas. 2022. “A Carboxylated Nanodiamond Reduces Oxidative Stress and Shows No Sign of Toxicity in Yeast.” Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 30 (4): 487–494. doi:10.1080/1536383X.2021.1960509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keremidarska, M., A. Ganeva, D. Mitev, T. Hikov, R. Presker, L. Pramatarova, and N. Krasteva. 2014. “Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity of Detonation Nanodiamond Particles with an Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Primary Mesenchymal Stem Cells.” Biotechnology, Biotechnological Equipment 28 (4): 733–739. doi:10.1080/13102818.2014.947704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanal, D., Q. Lei, G. Pinget, D. A. Cheong, A. Gautam, R. Yusoff, B. Su, et al. 2020. “The Protein Corona Determines the Cytotoxicity of Nanodiamonds: Implications of Corona Formation and Its Remodelling on Nanodiamond Applications in Biomedical Imaging and Drug Delivery.” Nanoscale Advances 2 (10): 4798–4812. doi:10.1039/d0na00231c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korepanov, V. I., H.-O Hamaguchi, E. Osawa, V. Ermolenkov, I. K. Lednev, B. J. M. Etzold, O. Levinson, et al. 2017. “Carbon Structure in Nanodiamonds Elucidated from Raman Spectroscopy.” Carbon 121: 322–329. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinski, N., V. Colvin, and R. Drezek. 2008. “Cytotoxicity of Nanopartides.” Small 4 (1): 26–49. doi:10.1002/smll.200700595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Y. Tong, R. Cao, Z. Tian, B. Yang, and P. Yang. 2014. “In Vivo Enhancement of Anticancer Therapy Using Bare or Chemotherapeutic Drug-Bearing Nanodiamond Particles.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 9 (1): 1065–1082. doi:10.2147/IJN.S54864.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., H. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Wang, C. Zhang, C. Wang, Y. Yan, et al. 2020. “Amplification of Oxidative Stress: Via Intracellular ROS Production and Antioxidant Consumption by Two Natural Drug-Encapsulated Nanoagents for Efficient Anticancer Therapy.” Nanoscale Advances 2 (9): 3872–3881. doi:10.1039/d0na00301h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzanares, D., and V. Ceña. 2020. “Endocytosis: The Nanoparticle and Submicron Nanocompounds Gateway into the Cell.” Pharmaceutics 12 (4): 371. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12040371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, J. J. G., R. I. R. Macias, M. J. Monte, M. R. Romero, M. Asensio, A. Sanchez-Martin, C. Cives-Losada, et al. 2020. “Molecular Bases of Drug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.” Cancers 12 (6): 1663. doi:10.3390/cancers12061663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochalin, V. N., O. Shenderova, D. Ho, and Y. Gogotsi. 2011. “The Properties and Applications of Nanodiamonds.” Nature Nanotechnology 7 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscariello, P., M. Raabe, W. Liu, S. Bernhardt, H. Qi, U. Kaiser, Y. Wu, T. Weil, H. J. Luhmann, and J. Hedrich. 2019. “Unraveling In Vivo Brain Transport of Protein-Coated Fluorescent Nanodiamonds.” Small 15: 1902992. doi:10.1002/smll.201902992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mytych, J., A. Lewinska, A. Bielak-Zmijewska, W. Grabowska, J. Zebrowski, and M. Wnuk. 2014. “Nanodiamond-Mediated Impairment of Nucleolar Activity is Accompanied by Oxidative Stress and DNMT2 Upregulation in Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells.” Chemico-Biological Interactions 220: 51–63. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mytych, J., M. Wnuk, and S. I. S. Rattan. 2016. “Low Doses of Nanodiamonds and Silica Nanoparticles Have Bene fi Cial Hormetic Effects in Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts in Culture.” Chemosphere 148: 307–315. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namdar, R., and S. Nafisi. 2018. “Nanodiamond Applications in Skin Preparations.” Drug Discovery Today 23 (5): 1152–1158. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, C., L. Wang, W. Ye, S. Guo, X. Bao, Y. Wang, Z. Xia, et al. 2020. “CCAT2 Contributes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via Inhibiting miR-145 Maturation to Induce MDM2 Expression.” Journal of Cellular Physiology 235 (9): 6307–6320. doi:10.1002/jcp.29630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier, C., L. Oliver, L. Lalier, and F. M. Vallette. 2021. “Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma: The Two Faces of Oxidative Stress.” Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 7: 1–16. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.620677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacelli, S., F. Acosta, A. R. Chakravarti, S. G. Samanta, J. Whitlow, S. Modaresi, R. P. H. Ahmed, et al. 2017. “Nanodiamond-Based Injectable Hydrogel for Sustained Growth Factor Release: Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Analysis.” Acta Biomaterialia 58: 479–491. doi:10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2017.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paget, V., J. A. Sergent, R. Grall, S. Altmeyer-Morel, H. A. Girard, T. Petit, C. Gesset, et al. 2014. “Carboxylated Nanodiamonds Are Neither Cytotoxic nor Genotoxic on Liver, Kidney, Intestine and Lung Human Cell Lines.” Nanotoxicology 8 (Suppl 1): 46–56. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.855828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng, Z., X. Han, S. Li, A. O. Al-Youbi, A. S. Bashammakh, M. S. El-Shahawi, and R. M. Leblanc. 2017. “Carbon Dots: Biomacromolecule Interaction, Bioimaging and Nanomedicine.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews Elsevier 343: 256–277. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov, M., V. Churkin, A. Kirichenko, V. Denisov, D. Ovsyannikov, B. Kulnitskiy, I. Perezhogin, et al. 2017. “Raman Spectra and Bulk Modulus of Nanodiamond in a Size Interval of 2–5 nm.” Nanoscale Research Letters 12 (1): 4–9. doi:10.1186/s11671-017-2333-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin, J.-X., X.-G. Yang, C.-F. Lv, Y.-Z. Li, K.-K. Liu, J.-H. Zang, X. Yang, et al. 2021. “Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Nanomedicine.” Materials & Design 210: 110091. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakha, E. A., G. M. Tse, and C. M. Quinn. 2023. “An Update on the Patological Classification of Breast Cancer.” Histopathology 82 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1111/his.14786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reina, G., L. Zhao, A. Bianco, and N. Komatsu. 2019. “Chemical Functionalization of Nanodiamonds: Opportunities and Challenges Ahead.” Angewandte Chemie 131 (50): 18084–18095. doi:10.1002/ange.201905997.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, U., V. Drozd, A. Durygin, J. Rodriguez, P. Barber, V. Atluri, X. Liu, et al. 2018. “Characterization of Nanodiamond-Based anti-HIV Drug Delivery to the Brain.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 1603. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16703-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schindelin, J., I. Arganda-Carreras, E. Frise, V. Kaynig, M. Longair, T. Pietzsch, S. Preibisch, et al. 2012. “Fiji: An Open Platform for Biological Image Analysis.” Nature Methods 9 (7): 676–682. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019.Fiji.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrand, A. M., S. A. C. Hens, and O. A. Shenderova. 2009. “Nanodiamond Particles: Properties and Perspectives for Bioapplications.” Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 34 (1–2): 18–74. doi:10.1080/10408430902831987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrand, A. M., H. Huang, C. Carlson, J. J. Schlager, E. Omacr Sawa, S. M. Hussain, L. Dai, et al. 2007. “Are Diamond Nanoparticles Cytotoxic?” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111 (1): 2–7. doi:10.1021/jp066387v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedighi, M., Z. Mahmoudi, S. Abbaszadeh, M. R. Eskandari, M. Saeinasab, and F. Sefat. 2023. “Nanomedicines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy: Challenges and Clinical Applications.” Materials Today Communications Elsevier 34: 105242. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivhare, S., and A. Das. 2023. “Cell Density Modulates Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer Cells through Differential Expression of ABC Transporters.” Molecular Biology Reports 50 (1): 215–225. doi:10.1007/s11033-022-08028-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solarska, K., A. Gajewska, W. Kaczorowski, G. Bartosz, and K. Mitura. 2012. “Effect of Nanodiamond Powders on the Viability and Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species by Human Endothelial Cells.” Diamond and Related Materials 21: 107–113. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2011.10.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehlik, S., J. Henych, P. Stenclova, R. Kral, P. Zemenova, J. Pangrac, O. Vanek, et al. 2021. “Size and Nitrogen Inhomogeneity in Detonation and Laser Synthesized Primary Nanodiamond Particles Revealed via Salt-Assisted Deaggregation.” Carbon 171: 230–239. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strojny, B., E. Sawosz, M. Grodzik, S. Jaworski, J. Szczepaniak, M. Sosnowska, M. Wierzbicki, et al. 2018. “Nanostructures of Diamond, Graphene Oxide and Graphite Inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Enzymes and Downregulate Their Genes in Liver Cells.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 13: 8561–8575. doi:10.2147/IJN.S188997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, F. Bray, et al. 2021. “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.” CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians 71 (3): 209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachibana, K,, D, Yamasaki, K, Ishimoto, and T, Doi. 2008. “The Role of PPARs in Cancer.” PPAR Research 2008: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2008/102737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tervonen, T., I. Linkov, J. R. Figueira, J. Steevens, M. Chappell, and M. Merad. 2009. “Risk-Based Classification System of Nanomaterials.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 11 (4): 757–766. doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9546-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilak, M., J. Holborn, L. A. New, J. Lalonde, and N. Jones. 2021. “Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Targeting in Glioblastoma Multiforme.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (4): 1831. doi:10.3390/ijms22041831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, J.-S., E. Perevedentseva, P.-H. Chung, and C.-L. Cheng. 2006. “Size-Dependent Surface CO Stretching Frequency Investigations on Nanodiamond Particles.” The Journal of Chemical Physics 125 (17): 174713. doi:10.1063/1.2370880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcheniuk, K., and V. N. Mochalin. 2017. “Biomedical Applications of Nanodiamond (Review).” Nanotechnology 28 (25): 252001. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aa6ae4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaitkuviene, A., V. Ratautaite, A. Ramanaviciene, K. Sanen, R. Paesen, M. Ameloot, V. Petrakova, et al. 2015. “Impact of Diamond Nanoparticles on Neural Cells.” Molecular and Cellular Probes 29 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2014.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervald, A. M., S. A. Burikov, A. M. Scherbakov, O. S. Kudryavtsev, N. A. Kalyagina, I. I. Vlasov, E. A. Ekimov, et al. 2020. “Boron-Doped Nanodiamonds as Anticancer Agents: En Route to Hyperthermia/Thermoablation Therapy.” ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 6 (8): 4446–4453. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki, M., S. Jaworski, M. Kutwin, M. Grodzik, B. Strojny, N. Kurantowicz, K. Zdunek, et al. 2017. “Diamond, Graphite, and Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Decrease Migration and Invasiveness in Glioblastoma Cell Lines by Impairing Extracellular Adhesion.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 12: 7241–7254. doi:10.2147/IJN.S146193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., X. Du, D. Zhang, J. Cui, X. Zhang, X. Duan, J. F. Trant, et al. 2023. “A Nanodiamond Chemotherapeutic Folate Receptor-Targeting Prodrug with Triggerable Drug Release.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 630: 122432. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., X. Feng, H. Yin, Z. Ge, Y. Wang, Z. Chu, H. Raabova, et al. 2017. “Anchored but Not Internalized: Shape Dependent Endocytosis of Nanodiamond.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1038/srep46462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., W. Hu, J. Li, L. Tao, and Y. Wei. 2012. “A Comparative Study of Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene Oxide, and Nanodiamond.” Toxicology Research 1 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1039/c2tx20006f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., X. Sun, L. Zeng, J. Liu, and Z. Zhang. 2009. “A Randomized Multicenter Phase II Clinical Trial of Mitoxantrone-Loaded Nanoparticles in the Treatment of 108 Patients with Unresected Hepatocellular Carcinoma.” Nanomedicine 5 (4): 419–423. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., J. Li, W. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Yang, N. Chen, Y. Sun, et al. 2012. “The Biocompatibility of Nanodiamonds and Their Application in Drug Delivery Systems.” Theranostics 2 (3): 302–312. doi:10.7150/thno.3627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupančič, D., and P. Veranič, 2022. “Nanodiamonds as Possible Tools for Improved Management of Bladder Cancer and Bacterial Cystitis,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (15): 8183. doi:10.3390/ijms23158183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar