References
- Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1998). Observational techniques. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 79–109). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Al-Saad, S. (2014). The conflicts between sustainable tourism and urban development in the Jerash Archaeological Site (Gerasa), Jordan (Doctoral dissertation).
- Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22(5), 551–563. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00013-9
- Armstrong, E. K., & Weiler, B. (2002). Getting the message across: An analysis of messages delivered by tour operators in protected areas. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(2-3), 104–121. doi: 10.1080/14724040208668118
- Beck, L., & Cable, T. T. (1998). Interpretation for the 21st century: Fifteen guiding principles for interpreting nature and culture. Urbana, IL: Sagamore publishing.
- Best, K. (2012). Making museum tours better: Understanding what a guided tour really is and what a tour guide really does. Museum Management and Curatorship, 27(1), 35–52. doi: 10.1080/09647775.2012.644695
- Black, R. (2007). Professional certification: A mechanism to enhance ecotour guide performance. In R. Black & A. Cabtree (Eds.), Quality assurance and certification in ecotourism (pp. 317–336). Wallingford: CABI.
- Black, R., & Weiler, B. (2005). Quality assurance and regulatory mechanisms in the tour guiding industry: A systematic review. Journal of Tourism Studies, 16(1), 24–37.
- Brito, M. (2012). Intercultural interpretation strategies in the museum: The case study of a guided visit to the Coach Museum in Lisbon. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 17, 1509–1522.
- Bryon, J. (2012). Tour guides as storytellers – from selling to sharing. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), 27–43. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2012.656922
- Carman, J., & Carman, P. (2006). Bloody meadows. Stroud: The History Press.
- Carmody, J. (2013). Intensive tour guide training in regional Australia: An analysis of the Savannah Guides Organisation and professional development schools. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(5), 679–694. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.744412
- Carter, J. (Ed.). (2001). A sense of place: An interpretive planning handbook. Scottish Interpretation Network.
- Chang, J. C. (2006). Customer satisfaction with tour leaders’ performance: A study of Taiwan’s package tours. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(1), 97–116. doi: 10.1080/10941660500500808
- Chang, K. C. (2014). Examining the effect of tour guide performance, tourist trust, tourist satisfaction, and flow experience on tourists’ shopping behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 219–247. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2012.739189
- Chin, C. L., Moore, S. A., Wallington, T. J., & Dowling, R. K. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: Visitors’ perspectives on environmental impacts and their management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 20–35. doi: 10.1080/09669580008667347
- Cole, S. T., & Scott, D. (2004). Examining the mediating role of experience quality in a model of tourist experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(1), 79–90. doi: 10.1300/J073v16n01_08
- Dahles, H. (2002). The politics of tour guiding: Image management in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 783–800. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00083-4
- Dijk, P., & Weiler, B. (2009). An assessment of the outcomes of a Chinese-language interpretive tour experience at a heritage tourism attraction. Tourism Analysis, 14(1), 49–63. doi: 10.3727/108354209788970144
- Forist, B. E. (2003). Visitor use and evaluation of interpretive media: A report on visitors to the national park system. Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, Social Science Program.
- Giovannetti, J. L. (2009). Subverting the master’s narrative: Public histories of slavery in plantation America. International Labor and Working-Class History, 76(01), 105–126. doi: 10.1017/S0147547909990111
- Gnoth, J. (2008). Branding Auckland. NZ Marketing Magazine, 27(11), 15–17.
- Grossberg, R., Treves, A., & Naughton-Treves, L. (2003). The incidental ecotourist: Measuring visitor impacts on endangered howler monkeys at a Belizean archaeological site. Environmental Conservation, 30(01), 40–51. doi: 10.1017/S0376892903000031
- Ham, S. H. (1992). Environmental interpretation: A practical guide for people with big ideas and small budgets. Colorado: North American Press.
- Hanna, S. P., Del Casino Jr, V. J., Selden, C., & Hite, B. (2004). Representation as work in ‘America’s most historic city’. Social & Cultural Geography, 5(3), 459–481. doi: 10.1080/1464936042000252822
- Henning, G. K. (2008). The guided hike in Banff National Park: A hermeneutical performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), 182–196. doi: 10.2167/jost668.0
- Howard, P. (2003). Heritage: Management, interpretation, identity. London: A&C Black.
- Huang, S., Hsu, C. H., & Chan, A. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction: A study of the package tours in Shanghai. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 3–33. doi: 10.1177/1096348009349815
- Hughes, K. (1991). Tourist satisfaction: A guided “cultural” tour in North Queensland. Australian Psychologist, 26(3), 166–171. doi: 10.1080/00050069108257243
- Io, M. U. (2013). Testing a model of effective interpretation to boost the heritage tourism experience: A case study in Macao. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 900–914. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.750328
- Io, M. U., & Hallo, L. (2012). A comparative study of tour guides’ interpretation: The case of Macao. Tourism Analysis, 17(2), 153–165. doi: 10.3727/108354212X13388995267788
- Jonasson, M., & Scherle, N. (2012). Performing co-produced guided tours. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), 55–73. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2012.655078
- Larsen, J. (2009). Goffman and the tourist gaze: A performativity approach to tourism mobilities. In M. H. Jacobsen (Ed.), Contemporary Goffman (pp. 313–332). London: Routledge.
- Larsen, J., & Meged, J. W. (2013). Tourists co-producing guided tours. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(2), 88–102. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2013.796227
- Lim, M. Y., & Aylett, R. (2007). Narrative construction in a mobile tour guide. In Virtual storytelling. Using virtual reality technologies for storytelling (pp. 51–62). Berlin: Springer.
- de Lima, I. B. (2016). Pivotal role of tour guides for visitors’ connection with nature: Conceptual and practical issues. International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (IJHAS), 5(1), 18–22.
- Long, C., & Reeves, K. (2009). Dig a hole and bury the past in it: Reconciliation and the heritage of genocide in Cambodia. In W. Logan, & K. Reeves (Eds.), Places of pain and shame: Dealing with difficult heritage (pp. 68–82). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Lugosi, P., & Bray, J. (2008). Tour guiding, organisational culture and learning: Lessons from an entrepreneurial company. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(5), 467–479. doi: 10.1002/jtr.681
- Macdonald, S. (2006). Mediating heritage: Tour guides at the former Nazi party rally grounds, Nuremberg. Tourist Studies, 6(2), 119–138. doi: 10.1177/1468797606071473
- Mak, A. H., Wong, K. K., & Chang, R. C. (2010). Factors affecting the service quality of the tour guiding profession in Macau. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(3), 205–218. doi: 10.1002/jtr.746
- Mak, A. H., Wong, K. K., & Chang, R. C. (2011). Critical issues affecting the service quality and professionalism of the tour guides in Hong Kong and Macau. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1442–1452. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.003
- Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
- Mason, P. (2003). Tourism impacts, planning and management. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- McDonnell, I. (2001). The role of the tour guide in transferring cultural understanding (Working paper no.3). Sydney: School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology.
- McGrath, G. (2003). Myth, Magic, Meaning and Memory – Mentor Tour Guides as Central to Developing Integrated Heritage Tourism at Archaeological Sites in Cusco, Peru. Proceedings of 12th International Tourism and Leisure Symposium, Barcelona, pp. 1–26.
- McGrath, G. (2004). Including the outsiders: The contribution of guides to integrated heritage tourism management in Cusco, Southern Peru. Current Issues in Tourism, 7, 426–432. doi: 10.1080/13683500408667996
- McGrath, G. (2007). Towards developing tour guides as interpreters of cultural heritage: Case of Cuzco, Peru. In R. Black, & A. Cabtree (Eds.), Quality assurance and certification in ecotourism (pp. 364–394). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
- McIntosh, A. J., & Prentice, R. C. (1999). Affirming authenticity: Consuming cultural heritage. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 589–612. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00010-9
- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. (2014). Statistical bulletin, Amman.
- Mohamed, M. N. E. Z. H., Noor, S. M., & Mohamed, R. (2014). Creating mindful tourists at heritage sites through tour guide’s interpretation: A case of Georgetown World Heritage sites. Journal on Media & Communications (JMC), 1(2), 1–14.
- Moscardo, G. (1996). Mindful visitors, heritage and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 376–397. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00068-2
- Moscardo, G. (1998). Interpretation and sustainable tourism: Functions, examples and principles. Journal of Tourism Studies, 9(1), 2–13.
- Munro, J. K., Morrison-Saunders, A., & Hughes, M. (2008). Environmental interpretation evaluation in natural areas. Journal of Ecotourism, 7(1), 1–14. doi: 10.2167/joe137.0
- Myers, D. K., Smith, S. N., & Shaer, M. (2010). A didactic case study of Jarash archaeological site, Jordan: Stakeholders and heritage values in site management. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
- Nelson, V. (2003) Representation and images of ecotourism in Grenada (Unpublished master’s thesis). East Carolina University, Greenville.
- Ong, C. E., Ryan, C., & McIntosh, A. (2014). Power-knowledge and tour-guide training: Capitalistic domination, utopian visions and the creation and negotiation of UNESCO’s Homo Turismos in Macao. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 221–234. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.010
- Ooi, C. S. (2002). Cultural tourism & tourism culture: The business of mediating experiences in Copenhagen and Singapore. Copenhagen: Business School Press.
- Periera, E. (2005). How do tourist guides add value to an ecotour? Interpreting interpretation in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Hospitality Review, 23(2), 1–8.
- Poudel, S., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2013). The role of interpretative tour guiding in sustainable destination management: A comparison between guided and nonguided tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 659–672. doi: 10.1177/0047287513478496
- Poudel, S., Nyaupane, G. P., & Timothy, D. J. (2013). Assessing visitors preference of various roles of tour guides in the Himalayas. Tourism Analysis, 18(1), 45–59. doi: 10.3727/108354213X13613720283647
- Quinn, B., & Ryan, T. (2016). Tour guides and the mediation of difficult memories: The case of Dublin Castle, Ireland. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(4), 322–337. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.1001727
- Rabotić, B. (2008). Tourist guides as cultural heritage interpreters: Belgrade experience with municipality-sponsored guided walks for local residents. The proceedings book of the International Tourism Conference, Cultural & Event Tourism, Alanya, Turkey (pp. 213–233).
- Randall, C., & Rollins, R. (2005). Role of the Tour Guide in National Parks. Paper presented at the Eleventh Canadian Congress on Leisure Research, May 17–20, 2005.
- Reisinger, Y., & Steiner, C. (2006). Reconceptualising interpretation: The role of tour guides in authentic tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(6), 481–498. doi: 10.2167/cit280.0
- Reynolds, P. C., & Braithwaite, D. (2001). Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism. Tourism Management, 22(1), 31–42. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00018-2
- Roberts, M., Mearns, K., & Edwards, V. (2014). Evaluating the effectiveness of guided versus non-guided interpretation in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe, 56(2), 1–08. doi: 10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1160
- Ryan, C., & Dewar, K. (1995). Evaluating the communication process between interpreter and visitor. Tourism Management, 16(4), 295–303. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(95)00019-K
- Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239569
- Ryan, T., & Quinn, B. (2011). Lost in translation: Interpreting and presenting Dublin’s colonial past. 4th Critical Tourism Studies Conference. 2nd–5th July, 2011.
- Salazar, N. B. (2005). Tourism and glocalization “local” tour guiding. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 628–646. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.012
- Salazar, N. B. (2006). Touristifying Tanzania: Local guides, global discourse. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 833–852. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.03.017
- Tilden, F. (1957). Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press.
- Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism (Vol. 4). Arizona: Channel View Publications.
- Uzzell, D., & Ballantyne, R. (1998). Heritage that hurts: Interpretation in a post-modern world. In David Uzzell & Roy Ballantyne (Eds.), Contemporary issues in heritage and environmental interpretation: Problems and prospects (pp. 152–171). Norwich, UK: The Stationary Office.
- Uzzell, D. L. (1989). Heritage interpretation volume 1 natural and built environment. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, Belhaven Press.
- Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., Chou, S. H., & Lin, Y. S. (2007). GPTCCC: An instrument for measuring group package tour service. Tourism Management, 28(2), 361–376. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.017
- Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., & Huan, T. C. (2000). Critical service features in group package tour: An exploratory research. Tourism Management, 21(2), 177–189. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00047-3
- Ward, C. W., & Wilkinson, A. E. (2006). Conducting meaningful interpretation: A field guide for success. California: Fulcrum Publishing.
- Weiler, B., & Ham, S. H. (2001). Tour guides and interpretation in ecotourism. Chapter 35 In D. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 549–563). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
- Weiler, B., & Ham, S. H. (2002). Tour guide training: A model for sustainable capacity building in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(1), 52–69. doi: 10.1080/09669580208667152
- Weiler, B., & Smith, L. (2009). Does more interpretation lead to greater outcomes? An assessment of the impacts of multiple layers of interpretation in a zoo context. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(1), 91–105. doi: 10.1080/09669580802359319
- Weiler, B., & Walker, K. (2014). Enhancing the visitor experience: Reconceptualising the tour guide’s communicative role. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 90–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.08.001
- Weiler, B., & Yu, X. (2007). Dimensions of cultural mediation in guiding Chinese tour groups: Implications for interpretation. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(3), 13–22. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2007.11081535
- Wong, C. U. I. (2013). The sanitization of colonial history: Authenticity, heritage interpretation and the case of Macau’s tour guides. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 915–931. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.790390
- Zillinger, M., Jonasson, M., & Adolfsson, P. (2012). Guided tours and tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2012.660314