Revisiting the Sustainable Happiness Model and Pie Chart: Can Happiness Be Successfully Pursued?

References

• Aristotle, R.C. (Bartlett, translator). (2012). Aristotle’s nicomachean ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bergink, J. (2015). Happiness: It’s not just your genes, stupid! [Weblog post]. Retrieved from http://www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/
   Google Scholar
• Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Kramer, J., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Walburg, J. A., … Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). An Internet-based intervention to promote mental fitness for mildly depressed adults: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(9), 209–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, N. J. L., & Rohrer, J. M. (2019). Easy as (happiness) pie? A critical evaluation of a popular model of the determinants of well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies. Advance online publication.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and wellbeing. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerhoof, R. M. (2007). Expressing optimism and gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase wellbeing. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 4174. (UMI No. 3270426).
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. (2015). What really makes you a happy person? psychology today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/curious/201508/what-really-makes-you-happy-person
   Google Scholar
• Klug, H. J. P., & Maier, G. W. (2015). Linking goal progress and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies: an Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(1), 37–65.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, J. I. (2015). Happy pie: Intend to become happier and do something about it. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/one-among-many/201503/happy-pie
   Google Scholar
• Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The how, why, what, when, and who of happiness: Mechanisms underlying the success of positive interventions. In J. Gruber & J. Moscowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides and dark sides (pp. 473–495). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, B. R. (1999). Personality and motivation: Personal action and the conative evolution. In L. A. Pervin, O. P. John, L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 501–524). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S. (2010). Hedonic adaptation to positive and negative experiences. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 200–224). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion, 11, 391–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 57–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., & Ryan, R. M. (2016). The benefits of benevolence: Basic psychological needs, beneficence, and the enhancement of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 84(6), 750–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., & Sheldon, K. M. (in press). Clarifying the concept of well-being: Psychological need-satisfaction as the common core connecting eudaimonic and subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, S. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Finding happiness: Tailoring positive activities for optimal well-being benefits. In M. Tugade, M. Shiota, & L. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of positive emotions (pp. 275–293). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 291–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman, S. D., Kraft, T. L., & Cross, M. P. (2015). It’s good to do good and receive good: The impact of a ‘pay it forward’ style kindness intervention on giver and receiver well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(4), 293–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, A., Shin, L. J., Revord, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). The hedonic benefits of counting blessings depend on how many blessings: Using the effort-as information heuristic (Manuscript in preparation).
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Martela, F. (2016). Eudaimonia as a way of living: Connecting Aristotle with self-determination theory. In J. Vittersø (Ed.), Handbook of eudaimonic well-being (pp. 109–122). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_7
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (2008). Assessing the sustainability of goal-based changes in well-being over a four-year period. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 223–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Variety is the spice of happiness: The hedonic adaptation prevention (HAP) model. In I. Boniwell & S. David (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 901–914). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (2013). Individual daimon, universal needs, and subjective well-being: Happiness as the natural consequence of a life well lived. In A. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonic functioning (pp. 119–137). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (2016). Putting eudaimonia in its place. In J. Vitterso (Ed.), Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-being (pp. 531–542). Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (2017). Understanding the good life: Eudaimonic living involves well-doing, not well-being. In J. Forgas & R. Baumeister (Eds.), Sydney symposium 2017: The social psychology of the good life. Sydney, Australia: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., Ferguson, Y., Gunz, A., Houser-Marko, L., Nichols, C. P., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2010). Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 39–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Corcoran, C., & Prentice, M. (2019). Pursuing eudaimonic functioning versus pursuing hedonic well-being: The first goal succeeds in its aim, whereas the second does not. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(929–933.), 919–933.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Cummins, R., & Khamble, S. (2010). Life-balance and well-being: Testing a two-pronged conceptual and measurement approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 1093–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need-satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Gunz, A., & Schachtman, T. (2012). What does it mean to be in touch with oneself? Testing a social character model of self-congruence. Self and Identity, 11, 51–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Houser-Marko, L. (2001). Self-concordance, goal-attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 152–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: Change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 55–86.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). The challenge of staying happier: Testing the hedonic adaptation prevention model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 670–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Schuler, J. (2011). Needing, wanting, and having: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1106–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, L. J., Walsh, L. C., Margolis, S. M., Kwok, Y. C., Xiaodong, Y., Chan, A., … Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). Cultural differences in the hedonic rewards of recalling kindness towards close others vs. strangers (Unpublished manuscript).
   Google Scholar
• Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 467–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zyl, L. E., & Rothmann, S. (2014). Towards happiness interventions: Construct clarification and intervention methodologies. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(4), 327–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 222–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C. A., Uttl, B., & Holder, M. D. (2019). Meta-analyses of positive psychology interventions: The effects are much smaller than previously reported. PLoS ONE, 14(5), e0216588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). Explaining away: A model of affective adaptation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 370–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar