Gratitude and lower suicidal ideation among sexual minority individuals: theoretical mechanisms of the protective role of attention to the positive

References

• Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beard, K., Eames, C., & Withers, P. (2017). The role of self-compassion in the well-being of self-identifying gay men. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2016.1233163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgogna, N. C., McDermott, R. C., Aita, S. L., & Kridel, M. M. (2019). Anxiety and depression across gender and sexual minorities: Implications for transgender, gender nonconforming, pansexual, demisexual, asexual, queer, and questioning individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000306
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, B., Job, S., Clark, E., Todd, E., & Williams, S. (2020). Concealment as a moderator between anticipated stigma and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(3), 240–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2020.1721037
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates, 2007-2018: Evidence from two national surveys. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 590–598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the united states on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 633–650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D’Augelli, A. R., Silverman, M. M., Fisher, P. W., Hughes, T., Rosario, M., Russell, S. T., Malley, E., Reed, J., Litts, D. A., Haller, E., Sell, R. L., Remafedi, G., Bradford, J., Beautrais, A. L., Brown, G. K., & Clayton, P. J. (2011). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.534038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanke, K., van Egmond, M. C., Crespo, C., & Boer, D. (2016). Blessing or burden? The role of appraisal for family rituals and flourishing among LGBT adults. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(5), 562–568. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)- A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(2), 377–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Homan, K., & Hosack, L. (2019). Gratitude and the self: Amplifying the good within. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(7), 874–886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1630345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopko, D. R., Sanchez, L., Hopko, S. D., Dvir, S., & Lejuez, C. W. (2003). Behavioral activation and the prevention of suicidal behaviors in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(5), 460–478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.5.460.22970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottes, T. S., Bogaert, L., Rhodes, A. E., Brennan, D. J., & Gesink, D. (2016). Lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts among sexual minority adults by study sampling strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), e1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. D. (2017). “Connection is the antidote”: Psychological distress, emotional processing, and virtual community building among LGBTQ students after the Orlando shooting. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000229
   Google Scholar
• Kaniuka, A., Pugh, K. C., Jordan, M., Brooks, B., Dodd, J., Mann, A. K., Williams, S. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Stigma and suicide risk among the LGBTQ population: Are anxiety and depression to blame and can connectedness to the LGBTQ community help? Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 23(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2018.1560385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaniuka, A. R., Rabon, J. K., Brooks, B. D., Sirois, F. M., Kleiman, E. M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2020). Gratitude and suicide risk among college students: Substantiating the protective benefits of being thankful. Journal of American College Health, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1705838
   Google Scholar
• Kelliher Rabon, J., Hirsch, J. K., Kaniuka, A. R., Sirois, F., Brooks, B. D., & Neff, K. (2019). Self-compassion and suicide risk in veterans: When the going gets tough, do the tough benefit more from self-compassion. Mindfulness, 10, 2544–2554. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01221-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelliher Rabon, J., Sirois, F. M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2018). Self-compassion and suicidal behavior in college students: Serial indirect effects via depression and wellness behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 66(2), 114–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1382498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Liu, X. Q., Gardner, C. O., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 496–503. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.496
   Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 70(8), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman, E. M., Adams, L. M., Kashdan, T. B., & Riskind, J. H. (2013). Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life: Evidence for a mediated moderation model. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(5), 539–546. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krysinska, K., Lester, D., Lyke, J., & Corveleyn, J. (2015). Trait gratitude and suicidal ideation and behavior: An exploratory study. Crisis, 36(4), 291–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Li, N., & Ye, B. (2012). Gratitude and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. C. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, depression, and suicidal ideation among undergraduate students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(6), 700–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Li, C.-I., Wang, C., Wei, M., & Ko, S. (2019). Self-compassion and social connectedness buffering racial discrimination on depression among Asian Americans. Mindfulness https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01275-8
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, B. H., Walters, M. L., Jack, S., Petrosky, E., Blair, J. M., & Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z. (2019). Suicides among lesbian and gay male individuals: Findings from the national violent death reporting system. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(4), 512–521. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle, M. C., Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M., & Shmerler, D. L. (2014). Working with LGBT individuals: Incorporating positive psychology into training and practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 335–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 393–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., Balducci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2019). Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.18.01995-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt, D., Demyttenaere, K., Janka, Z., Aarre, T., Bourin, M., Canonico, P. L., Carrasco, J. L., & Stahl, S. (2007). The other face of depression, reduced positive affect: The role of catecholamines in causation and cure. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 461–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106069938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Williams, S. L., Beharti, K., Job, S. A., McConocha, E. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2020). Brief online interventions for LGBTQ young adult mental and behavioral health: A randomized control trial in a high-stigma, low-resource context. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000497.supp
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook. American Psychological Association and New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rew, L., Slesnick, N., Johnson, K., Aguilar, R., & Cengiz, A. (2019). Positive attributes and life satisfaction in homeless youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Alvárez, N., Extremera, N., Rey, L., Chang, E. C., & Chang, O. D. (2020). Optimism and gratitude on suicide risk in Spanish adults: Evidence for doubling up or doubling down? Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22962
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidaros, R. (2017). Current challenges in the management of LGBT suicide. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 8–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.120103
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski, D. M., & Mikorski, R. (2016). External and internalized heterosexism, meaning in life, and psychological distress. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000182
   Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Spijker, B. A. J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Farrer, L., Christensen, H., Reynolds, J., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2014). The suicidal ideation attributes scale (SIDAS): Community‐based validation study of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 408–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, M. D., Miles, J., Parent, M. C., Lee, H. S., Tilghman, J. D., & Prokhorets, S. (2014). A content analysis of LGBT-themed positive psychology articles. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 313–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000060
   Google Scholar
• Vigna, A. J., Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Koenig, B. W. (2020). Is self-compassion protective among sexual- and gender-minority adolescents across racial groups? Mindfulness, 11(3), 800–815. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01294-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigna, A. J., Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Koening, B. W. (2017). Does self-compassion facilitate resilience to stigma? A school-based study of sexual and gender minority youth. Mindfulness, 9(3), 914–924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-017-0831-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, S. L., Mann, A. K., & Fredrick, E. G. (2017). Proximal minority stress, psychosocial resources, and health in sexual minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 529–544. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1076
   Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008a). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the big five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008b). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar